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Biology > Bio Ch 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Bio Ch 2 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass. Exists only in 3 states–> solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down to simpler substances with different properties by ordinary chemical means

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3
Q

CHNOPS

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur. Basic to life and make up 95% of body weight of organisms

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4
Q

atom

A

smallest part of an element that displays the properties of the element

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5
Q

atomic mass

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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6
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that differ in their numbers of neutrons

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7
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

when it decays, it releases various types of energy in the form of rays and subatomic particles

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8
Q

molecule

A

is formed when two or more atoms bond together

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9
Q

compound

A

when atoms of two or more different elements bond together

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10
Q

ions

A

charged particles

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11
Q

ionic bond

A

an attraction between negatively and positively charged ions that hold together ionic compounds

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12
Q

covalent bond

A

results when to atoms share electrons in such a way that each atoms has an octet of electrons in the outer shell

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13
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond

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14
Q

hydrogen bond

A

when polarity within a water molecule causes the hydrogen atoms in one molecule to be attracted to the oxygen atoms in other water molecules. Are easily broken.

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15
Q

calorie

A

the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1g water to 1C

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16
Q

solutes

A

dissolved substances from solution

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17
Q

hydrophilic

A

the molecules that can attract water

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18
Q

hydrophobic

A

non-ionized and nonpolar molecules that cannot attract water, ie oil

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19
Q

acids

A

substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+)2

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20
Q

bases

A

substances that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)

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21
Q

pH scale

A

used to indicate the acidity or basicity of solutions

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22
Q

inorganic molecules

A

constitute non-living matter

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23
Q

organic molecules

A

always contain carbon and hydrogen

24
Q

functional group

A

particular cluster of atoms that always behaves in a certain way

25
Q

macromolecules

A

many molecules joined together

26
Q

monomer

A

simple organic molecule that exists individually or can link with other monomers to form a polymer

27
Q

genes

A

hereditary units that control our cells and the structure of our bodies

28
Q

dehydration reaction

A

an -OH group and an -H group are removed as the reaction process

29
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

used to degrade polymers, components of water are added

30
Q

carbohydrates

A

function for quick fuel and short term energy storage in all organisms, including humans

31
Q

monosaccharide

A

when the number of carbon atoms in a molecule is low (3-7), then it is simple sugar

32
Q

pentose

A

5 carbon sugar

33
Q

hexose

A

6 carbon sugar

34
Q

glucose

A

a hexose, is blood sugar. Our bodies use it as an immediate source of energy

35
Q

polysaccharides

A

long polymers such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose that contain many glucose subunits

36
Q

polysaccharide cellulose

A

found in plant cell walls and accounts for strong nature of walls

37
Q

lipids

A

contain more energy per gram than other molecules, and fats and oils function as energy storage molecules in organisms

38
Q

triglyceride

A

a fat molecule, has 3 part structure and term “neutral fat” is sometimes used because molecule is nonpolar

39
Q

emulsifiers

A

cause fats to mix with water

40
Q

fatty acid

A

hydrocarbon chain that ends with the acidic group -COOH

41
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

have no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

42
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

have double bonds between carbon atoms wherever the number of hydrogens is less that two per carbon atom

43
Q

phospholipids

A

contain a group. Constructed like fats

44
Q

steroids

A

backbone of 4 fused carbon rings

45
Q

proteins

A

polymers with amino acid monomers

46
Q

amino acid

A

central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups

47
Q

enzymes

A

speed chemical reactions

48
Q

polypeptide

A

single chain of amino acids

49
Q

peptide bond

A

bond that joins any two amino acids

50
Q

denaturation

A

when proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH, they undergo an irreversible change in shape

51
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

52
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

53
Q

nucleotide

A

molecular complex of 3 types subunit molecules

54
Q

4 base kinds of DNA

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

55
Q

double helix

A

double stranded DNA

56
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

57
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

Biology (5 decks)

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