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DAT > BIO CH 2 > Flashcards

BIO CH 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nuclear lamina do

A

provides structural support to the nucleus and regulates DNA and cell division

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2
Q

What do transport vacuoles do

A

transport materials between organelles

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3
Q

What do food vacuoles do

A

temporarily hold endocytosed food and later fuse with lysosomes

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4
Q

What are central vacuoles

A

They are very large in plants and have a specialized membrane- tonoplasts which help maintain cell rigidity by exerting turgor

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5
Q

What do central vacuoles do

A

storage and material breakdown

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6
Q

What do storage vacuoles do

A

store starches, pigments, toxic substances

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7
Q

What are contractile vacuoles

A

are found in single-celled organisms and actively pumps out excess water

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8
Q

Endomembrane system consists of

A

Nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell membrane

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9
Q

What do peroxisomes do

A

perform hydrolysis, breakdown of FA and help with detoxification

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10
Q

What are centrosomes

A

organelles in animal cells containing a pair of centrioles and act as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) during cell division

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11
Q

Functions of microfilaments

A
  • cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming)- stirring of cytoplasm. organelles and vesicles travel on microfilament tracks
  • cleavage furrow- form contractile rings that split the cell during cell division
  • muscle contraction- allows myosin motor proteins to pull on them for muscle contraction
  • amoeboid movement
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12
Q

____ are a type of intermediate filament which helps make up the nuclear lamina

A

lamins

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13
Q

What is the nuclear lamina

A

a network of fibrous intermediate filaments that support the nucleus

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14
Q

Microtubules have walls made of

A

tubulin protein dimers

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15
Q

Microtubules organizing centers (MTOCs) help

A

organize microtubule extension

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16
Q

Centrisomes contain a pair of ____ and replicate during the

A
  • centrioles oriented at 90 degrees to one-another

- S phase of the cell cycle so that each daughter cell after cell division has one centrosome

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17
Q

cilia and flagella have nine doublets of ____ and are produced by the ____ which is initially formed by the _____

A
  • microtubules
  • basal body
  • mother centriole
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18
Q

what is proteoglycan

A

A type of glycoprotein that has a high proportion of carbohydrates

19
Q

What is collagen

A

a structural protein organized into collagen fibrils

20
Q

What are collagen fibrils

A

fibers of glycosylated collagen secreted by fibroblasts

21
Q

What are integrins

A

transmembrane proteins that facilitate ECM adhesion and signals to cells how to respond to the EC environment by transferring signals from the ECM into the cell

22
Q

What is fibronectin

A

A protein that connects integrin to ECM and helps with transduction of EC signals

23
Q

What is laminin

A

Influences cell differentiation, adhesion, and movement. It is a component of the basal lamina

24
Q

Cell Walls act as a substitute to

A

ECM

25
Q

Cell walls of plants are made of

A

cellulose

26
Q

Cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton are made of

A

chitin

27
Q

Cell walls of bacteria are made of

A

peptidoglycan

28
Q

GLycocalyx is a

A

glycolipid/glycoprotein that helps with adhesion, protection, cell recognition

29
Q

Focal adhesions connects

A

the ECM to actin microfilaments via integrins

30
Q

Hemidesmosomes connects

A

ECM to intermediate filaments via integrins

31
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Connects neighboring cells via intermediate filaments and provides support against mechanical stress

32
Q

What are adherens junctions

A

connects neighboring cells via actin filaments and provides support against mechanical stress

33
Q

What is middle lamella and where is is found

A

sticky cement similar in function to tight junctions, found in plant cells

34
Q

What is plasmodesmata and where is it found

A

tunnels with tubes between plant cells that allows cytocol fluids to travel freely between plant cells

35
Q

Cell walls of archaea are made of

A

polysaccharides

36
Q

Some defining characteristics of prokaryotes are

A
  • flagella made of flagellin
  • all of cell walls
  • have single circular double stranded DNA
  • unicellular
  • reproduce via binary fission
37
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotic flagella

A
  • contain a basal body
  • made of flagellin
  • small and simple
  • proton or ATP driven
  • run in a rotary motion
38
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic flagella

A
  • contain a basal body
  • made of tubulin
  • large and complex
  • ATP driven
  • run in a bending motion
39
Q

What are plastids

A

membrane-bound organelles found in plants and fungi and contain pigments used in photosynthesis

40
Q

What is cytosol

A

the aqueous intracellular fluid

-the “broth” of a stew

41
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

everything within the cell including cytosol and organelles

-the stew

42
Q

What are the three main types of spindle apparatus microtubules

A

kinetochores, polar microtubules, astral microtubules

43
Q

Cell-matrix junctions allow ECM to connect to the

A

cytoskeleton at the interior of the animal cell, via focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes

DAT (3 decks)

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