BIO CH 2 Flashcards
What does the nuclear lamina do
provides structural support to the nucleus and regulates DNA and cell division
What do transport vacuoles do
transport materials between organelles
What do food vacuoles do
temporarily hold endocytosed food and later fuse with lysosomes
What are central vacuoles
They are very large in plants and have a specialized membrane- tonoplasts which help maintain cell rigidity by exerting turgor
What do central vacuoles do
storage and material breakdown
What do storage vacuoles do
store starches, pigments, toxic substances
What are contractile vacuoles
are found in single-celled organisms and actively pumps out excess water
Endomembrane system consists of
Nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell membrane
What do peroxisomes do
perform hydrolysis, breakdown of FA and help with detoxification
What are centrosomes
organelles in animal cells containing a pair of centrioles and act as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) during cell division
Functions of microfilaments
- cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming)- stirring of cytoplasm. organelles and vesicles travel on microfilament tracks
- cleavage furrow- form contractile rings that split the cell during cell division
- muscle contraction- allows myosin motor proteins to pull on them for muscle contraction
- amoeboid movement
____ are a type of intermediate filament which helps make up the nuclear lamina
lamins
What is the nuclear lamina
a network of fibrous intermediate filaments that support the nucleus
Microtubules have walls made of
tubulin protein dimers
Microtubules organizing centers (MTOCs) help
organize microtubule extension
Centrisomes contain a pair of ____ and replicate during the
- centrioles oriented at 90 degrees to one-another
- S phase of the cell cycle so that each daughter cell after cell division has one centrosome
cilia and flagella have nine doublets of ____ and are produced by the ____ which is initially formed by the _____
- microtubules
- basal body
- mother centriole
what is proteoglycan
A type of glycoprotein that has a high proportion of carbohydrates
What is collagen
a structural protein organized into collagen fibrils
What are collagen fibrils
fibers of glycosylated collagen secreted by fibroblasts
What are integrins
transmembrane proteins that facilitate ECM adhesion and signals to cells how to respond to the EC environment by transferring signals from the ECM into the cell
What is fibronectin
A protein that connects integrin to ECM and helps with transduction of EC signals
What is laminin
Influences cell differentiation, adhesion, and movement. It is a component of the basal lamina
Cell Walls act as a substitute to
ECM
Cell walls of plants are made of
cellulose
Cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton are made of
chitin
Cell walls of bacteria are made of
peptidoglycan
GLycocalyx is a
glycolipid/glycoprotein that helps with adhesion, protection, cell recognition
Focal adhesions connects
the ECM to actin microfilaments via integrins
Hemidesmosomes connects
ECM to intermediate filaments via integrins
What are desmosomes
Connects neighboring cells via intermediate filaments and provides support against mechanical stress
What are adherens junctions
connects neighboring cells via actin filaments and provides support against mechanical stress
What is middle lamella and where is is found
sticky cement similar in function to tight junctions, found in plant cells
What is plasmodesmata and where is it found
tunnels with tubes between plant cells that allows cytocol fluids to travel freely between plant cells
Cell walls of archaea are made of
polysaccharides
Some defining characteristics of prokaryotes are
- flagella made of flagellin
- all of cell walls
- have single circular double stranded DNA
- unicellular
- reproduce via binary fission
Characteristics of prokaryotic flagella
- contain a basal body
- made of flagellin
- small and simple
- proton or ATP driven
- run in a rotary motion
Characteristics of eukaryotic flagella
- contain a basal body
- made of tubulin
- large and complex
- ATP driven
- run in a bending motion
What are plastids
membrane-bound organelles found in plants and fungi and contain pigments used in photosynthesis
What is cytosol
the aqueous intracellular fluid
-the “broth” of a stew
What is cytoplasm
everything within the cell including cytosol and organelles
-the stew
What are the three main types of spindle apparatus microtubules
kinetochores, polar microtubules, astral microtubules
Cell-matrix junctions allow ECM to connect to the
cytoskeleton at the interior of the animal cell, via focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes
