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Bio: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

organizational unit of life

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2
Q

cell membrane

A

keeps the cell together, made of lipids

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3
Q

passive transport

A

substances move down concentration gradient, requires no extra energy

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4
Q

active transport

A

substances are moved against the concentration gradient, requires ATP

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5
Q

diffusion

A

solute moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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6
Q

osmosis

A

transportation of H2O across concentration gradient

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7
Q

hypertonic

A

greater amount of solute surrounding the cell, water rushes out

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8
Q

hypotonic

A

less solutes outside cell, cell pulls water in

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9
Q

isotonic

A

balanced amount of solute in and out of the cell

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10
Q

filtration

A

pressure forces water and its solutes through a membrane

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11
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

carrier meditated, a variation of diffusion where protein channels assist with transport (highly specific)

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12
Q

endocytosis

A

intake of liquid and solid particles too large to cross the cell membrane

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13
Q

exocytosis

A

transport out of the cell

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14
Q

cytoplasm

A

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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15
Q

nucleus

A

contains chromosomes, surrounded by double walled nuclear membrane

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16
Q

nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes, found inside nucleus

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17
Q

DNA

A

double stranded–carrier of genetic information

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18
Q

RNA

A

single stranded–carrier of genetic information

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19
Q

mRNA

A

responsible for protein synthesis

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20
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

series of channels from folded membranes

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21
Q

rough ER

A

responsible for synthesis of protein, lined with ribosomes

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22
Q

smooth ER

A

produces lipids and steroids

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23
Q

ribosomes

A

produce enzymes and proteins, made of RNA

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24
Q

centrosomes

A

contain centrioles

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25
Q

centrioles

A

creates spindles for cell division

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26
Q

mitochondria

A

producer of ATP

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27
Q

aerobic respiration

A

catabolism of nutrients to CO2, water, and energy, involves electron transport system

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28
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose molecule, occurs in the cytoplasm, doesn’t require oxygen

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29
Q

Krebs cycle

A

completes oxidation of glucose, takes place in mitochondria

30
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

breakdown sugars and produce energy, without oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm

31
Q

golgi apparatus

A

prepare and transport proteins

32
Q

lysosomes

A

cleans waste and debris from cells

33
Q

transcription

A

information moved from DNA to mRNA

34
Q

translation

A

mRNA is read to produce proteins, occurs in ribosomes

35
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs, or 46 total

36
Q

What is the only form of maternal DNA?

A

mitochondrial

37
Q

female sex chromosome

38
Q

male sex chromosome

39
Q

centromere

A

helps to keep the chromosome properly aligned

40
Q

telomeres

A

repetitive stretches of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes

41
Q

mitosis

A

process of sorting chromosomes

42
Q

G1 Phase

A

cell growth

43
Q

S Phase

A

cell replicates its genetic material

44
Q

G2 Phase

A

cell checks duplicated chromosomes

45
Q

prophase

A
  • nucleus disappears
  • chromosomes now visible
  • spindle fibers start to form
  • centrosomes move towards opposite ends of the cell
46
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at center of cell

47
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are split and pulled apart by spindle fibers (shortest stage of mitosis)

48
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes are at far ends of the cell
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • nuclei reappear
  • formation of 2 daughter nuclei
49
Q

cytokenesis

A

division of cytoplasm

50
Q

G1/S Checkpoint

A

cell size, nutrition, DNA damage

51
Q

G2/M Checkpoint

A

improper replication or damage

52
Q

metaphase/anaphase checkpoint

A

attachment of mitotic spindle to all chromosomes

53
Q

labile cells

A

constantly proliferating: skin cells, gastrointestinal, salivary gland tissue

54
Q

stable/quiescent cells

A

typically in non-dividing state: lymphocytes, hepatocytes

55
Q

permanent cells

A

unable to proliferate: cardiac and skeletal muscle

56
Q

eukaryote

A

cell has nucleus

57
Q

chromatin

A

thin-like, composes chromosomes

58
Q

What is the structure of the phospholipid layer?

A

hydrophilic (polar) head with a hydrophobic (fatty acid chains) tails

59
Q

What is the order of mitosis?

A

prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase

59
Q

is interphase part of mitosis?

59
Q

Do cells spend more time in interphase or mitosis?

A

Interphase

59
Q

What is the product of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes

59
Q

Diploid

A

46 chromosomes

60
Q

What is the product of mitosis?

A

two identical daughter cells

60
Q

what is meiosis?

A

cell division of sex cells (gametes)

60
Q

Haploid

A

23 chromosomes

61
Q

What can pass through the cell phospholipid bilayer?

A

SMALL molecules, UNCHARGED molecules, lipid soluble molecules

62
Q

Is diffusion active or passive?

63
Q

Is osmosis active or passive?

64
Q

phagocytosis

A

process where living cells ingest (eat) other cells

65
Q

pinocytosis

A

process where living cells uptake fluids

Nursing (8 decks)

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