BIO/BCHM

Question 1

these fibers can generate more power (force times velocity) bc thir atpase activity is higher

Answer 1

fast twitch

Question 2

in anaerobic ocnditions, the muscle fiber will undergo _______ resulting in production of ______ and a ______ in cytosolic pH

Answer 2

fermentation, lactic acid, decrease ph - will acidify the cytoplasm

Question 3

in anerobic condiiton, glycogen, with under go fermentation after ____, which will deplte the levels of ____

Answer 3

glycolysis, glycogen

Question 4

in anaroboc condition, what will happen to pyruvate, and it would not interact with the

Answer 4

pyruvate go to lactic acid, and not enter the mitochondria for CAC, no ETC in anaerobic

Question 5

formula for work

Answer 5

force X d, product of force applied over a distance an object is moved - look at the power curve (force times velocity), and see when the force is low indicates low work too

Question 6

for fast twitch fibers they have greater contractile strength - so what woule be a likle property

Answer 6

greater calcium pumpin property - movement when calcium binds to troponin, allow for binding of actin and myosin head to produce this contraction

Question 7

slow twitch fibers have more aerobis so htye have

Answer 7

increased capillary density, more mitochondria, high level of oxygen binding proteins

Question 8

this kind of evoltuion is when unrealted organisms evolve to meet similar envioronmental needs and is associated with analogous structures

Answer 8

convergent - features that they INDENPENDANTLY EVOLVE + same enviornment

Question 9

a bat and butterfly both have wings - what evolution

Answer 9

convergent

Question 10

if animal belong to same species than it cannot be this evolution

Answer 10

convergent

Question 11

in this disease it impact the GnRH produces neurons fail to migrate from the olfactory area to hypothalamus during development - which endocrine axis is affected

Answer 11

reproductive

Question 12

this enzyme prevents the re-coiling of dna strand during replication by addressing the dna strands tendency to supercoiling

Answer 12

topoisomerase

Question 13

this enzyme catalysis separation of parent dna strands at origin of rep

Answer 13

helicase

Question 14

if something lack catalytic activity then it will

Answer 14

not active apoptosis

Question 15

cells undergoing apoptosis will stop their

Answer 15

growth (growth arrest), arrest replication of dna, shrink

Question 16

if cells are not apoptotics then it can become

Answer 16

cancerous

Question 17

an operon contains 2 genes - where are they produced from

Answer 17

single mrna transcribed from single promoter in the operon

Question 18

if the genes share the same operon then means share the

Answer 18

same promoter and mrna fragment

Question 19

with prok - is there alternative splicing

Answer 19

NO - transcription and lation happen same time - they have no RNA processing

Question 20

in the operon it contains a regulatory region which includes the

Answer 20

promoter - PART OF OPERON not upstream

Question 21

a ___inotrope increases the force of _____ and _____ which is mediated by intracell ____levels

Answer 21

positive, contraction and contractility, mediated by calcium levels

Question 22

what kind of transport is the Na/K ase

Answer 22

primary

Question 23

histone acetyltransferase promote

Answer 23

transcription by dec the attractive interaction bw lysine residues in the histones/dna

Question 24

if chromatin is condences then i

Answer 24

inhibit transcription

Question 25

when someone frst starts fasting these are actiavted

Answer 25

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, maintain blood glucose levels and provide energy

Question 26

during prolonged fasting this helps sustain energy

Answer 26

fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis, provide sustain energy

Question 27

adrenal medulla is part of which branch of PNS

Answer 27

sympathetic branch of ANS only

Question 28

osmotic pressure is porportional to

Answer 28

molarity – can do in fractions

Question 29

with hypoxia, lactic fermentation induced to regernate

Answer 29

NAD+ –> oxidative phosphorylation is reduced

Question 30

glycogensis occurs depend/indepen to regenerate NAD+

Answer 30

independanty

Question 31

if gene is being overexpressed that means it will further amplify it already results

Answer 31

so for ex if KO is already low oxygen consumption compare to wildtype, then overexpression of that gene, then it will further lower O2 consumption

Question 32

why is tubulin included

Answer 32

is used as contorl to assess the totl protein level - bcs its a cytoskeletal protein whoe expression is similar in different cells - used as loading

Question 33

__ and ___ and ____ often are housekeeping gene and loading control because its constitutively expressed - does not change under hypoxic conditions

Answer 33

GAPDH, actin, tubulin

Question 34

if results how compromised or messed tubulin means that the

Answer 34

loaded was incorrectly = poor loading

Question 35

palindrome sequenc is when both strands are the same in this dir

Answer 35

5” to 3”

Question 36

succinyl coa synthetase produces what

Answer 36

succinate, and GTP

Question 37

this gene is parent specifc based on inherited epigenetic modifications

Answer 37

imprinted genes (for ex, if off in parent then off in child, and if exlcusive to paternal and affect both sexes)

Question 38

if protein synthesis was under way when the radioative a.a were added, how would the radioativty be distrubuted

Answer 38

radioactive a.a. were located only at one end of molecule, only able to incorporate into C terminal of protein - if protein synthesis was underway then for sure N terminues had translated and possinle middle to but since its never done for usre then one end isnt and radio can be there

Question 39

certain viruses contain rna as their genetic material - one of ways these rna viruses replicate themselves is to

Answer 39

code for or carry a transcriptase that copies viral rna - reverse

Question 40

only viruses can have ____ as genetic material

Answer 40

rna

Question 41

what kind of genetic material does microorganisms have

Answer 41

dna

Question 42

rna viruses code for their own ____ that they can use and they do not ____ the hosts own polymerase

Answer 42

polymerase, dont alter

Question 43

large amount of protein are found in the urine of pateint - which part of nephorn is malfunctioning

Answer 43

glomerulus

Question 44

mucous secretions in the respiratroy tract inhibit microbial infections - these secretions are produces by which of the following tissue types in the lungs

Answer 44

epithelial - a specialized goblet cells that produce mucus

Question 45

connective tissue include the

Answer 45

blood, fat, bone, cartilage

Question 46

if drug works by blocking the presynaptic neuron reuptake of serotonin then

Answer 46

serotonin lasts longer in the synaptic space - spend more time in the synaptic cleft

Question 47

if person has decrease in the SA of the SI leading to dec in nutrient absopriton

Answer 47

muscle mass loss - getting body loss

Question 48

in the capillary side , the hydrostatic pressure (water out) is ____ than oncotic

Answer 48

greater - goes into the interstitial space/tissues

Question 49

if we increased unabsorbed fats in the body then what happen with osmotic pressure

Answer 49

increase the osmotic pressure of intestine - water absorption - causing diarrhea

Question 50

these are osteoblasts that part of bone matrix and involved in cell communication and mechanical sensing

Answer 50

osteocytes

Question 51

these break down and reabsorb the matrix

Answer 51

osteoclasts