BIO/BCHM Flashcards
these fibers can generate more power (force times velocity) bc thir atpase activity is higher
fast twitch
in anaerobic ocnditions, the muscle fiber will undergo _______ resulting in production of ______ and a ______ in cytosolic pH
fermentation, lactic acid, decrease ph - will acidify the cytoplasm
in anerobic condiiton, glycogen, with under go fermentation after ____, which will deplte the levels of ____
glycolysis, glycogen
in anaroboc condition, what will happen to pyruvate, and it would not interact with the
pyruvate go to lactic acid, and not enter the mitochondria for CAC, no ETC in anaerobic
formula for work
force X d, product of force applied over a distance an object is moved - look at the power curve (force times velocity), and see when the force is low indicates low work too
for fast twitch fibers they have greater contractile strength - so what woule be a likle property
greater calcium pumpin property - movement when calcium binds to troponin, allow for binding of actin and myosin head to produce this contraction
slow twitch fibers have more aerobis so htye have
increased capillary density, more mitochondria, high level of oxygen binding proteins
this kind of evoltuion is when unrealted organisms evolve to meet similar envioronmental needs and is associated with analogous structures
convergent - features that they INDENPENDANTLY EVOLVE + same enviornment
a bat and butterfly both have wings - what evolution
convergent
if animal belong to same species than it cannot be this evolution
convergent
in this disease it impact the GnRH produces neurons fail to migrate from the olfactory area to hypothalamus during development - which endocrine axis is affected
reproductive
this enzyme prevents the re-coiling of dna strand during replication by addressing the dna strands tendency to supercoiling
topoisomerase
this enzyme catalysis separation of parent dna strands at origin of rep
helicase
if something lack catalytic activity then it will
not active apoptosis
cells undergoing apoptosis will stop their
growth (growth arrest), arrest replication of dna, shrink
if cells are not apoptotics then it can become
cancerous
an operon contains 2 genes - where are they produced from
single mrna transcribed from single promoter in the operon
if the genes share the same operon then means share the
same promoter and mrna fragment
with prok - is there alternative splicing
NO - transcription and lation happen same time - they have no RNA processing
in the operon it contains a regulatory region which includes the
promoter - PART OF OPERON not upstream
a ___inotrope increases the force of _____ and _____ which is mediated by intracell ____levels
positive, contraction and contractility, mediated by calcium levels
what kind of transport is the Na/K ase
primary
histone acetyltransferase promote
transcription by dec the attractive interaction bw lysine residues in the histones/dna
if chromatin is condences then i
inhibit transcription
when someone frst starts fasting these are actiavted
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, maintain blood glucose levels and provide energy
during prolonged fasting this helps sustain energy
fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis, provide sustain energy
adrenal medulla is part of which branch of PNS
sympathetic branch of ANS only
osmotic pressure is porportional to
molarity – can do in fractions
with hypoxia, lactic fermentation induced to regernate
NAD+ –> oxidative phosphorylation is reduced
glycogensis occurs depend/indepen to regenerate NAD+
independanty
if gene is being overexpressed that means it will further amplify it already results
so for ex if KO is already low oxygen consumption compare to wildtype, then overexpression of that gene, then it will further lower O2 consumption
why is tubulin included
is used as contorl to assess the totl protein level - bcs its a cytoskeletal protein whoe expression is similar in different cells - used as loading
__ and ___ and ____ often are housekeeping gene and loading control because its constitutively expressed - does not change under hypoxic conditions
GAPDH, actin, tubulin
if results how compromised or messed tubulin means that the
loaded was incorrectly = poor loading
palindrome sequenc is when both strands are the same in this dir
5” to 3”
succinyl coa synthetase produces what
succinate, and GTP
this gene is parent specifc based on inherited epigenetic modifications
imprinted genes (for ex, if off in parent then off in child, and if exlcusive to paternal and affect both sexes)
if protein synthesis was under way when the radioative a.a were added, how would the radioativty be distrubuted
radioactive a.a. were located only at one end of molecule, only able to incorporate into C terminal of protein - if protein synthesis was underway then for sure N terminues had translated and possinle middle to but since its never done for usre then one end isnt and radio can be there
certain viruses contain rna as their genetic material - one of ways these rna viruses replicate themselves is to
code for or carry a transcriptase that copies viral rna - reverse
only viruses can have ____ as genetic material
rna
what kind of genetic material does microorganisms have
dna
rna viruses code for their own ____ that they can use and they do not ____ the hosts own polymerase
polymerase, dont alter
large amount of protein are found in the urine of pateint - which part of nephorn is malfunctioning
glomerulus
mucous secretions in the respiratroy tract inhibit microbial infections - these secretions are produces by which of the following tissue types in the lungs
epithelial - a specialized goblet cells that produce mucus
connective tissue include the
blood, fat, bone, cartilage
if drug works by blocking the presynaptic neuron reuptake of serotonin then
serotonin lasts longer in the synaptic space - spend more time in the synaptic cleft
if person has decrease in the SA of the SI leading to dec in nutrient absopriton
muscle mass loss - getting body loss
in the capillary side , the hydrostatic pressure (water out) is ____ than oncotic
greater - goes into the interstitial space/tissues
if we increased unabsorbed fats in the body then what happen with osmotic pressure
increase the osmotic pressure of intestine - water absorption - causing diarrhea
these are osteoblasts that part of bone matrix and involved in cell communication and mechanical sensing
osteocytes
these break down and reabsorb the matrix
osteoclasts
