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BIO AP2 Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

____ is the most abundant of the plasma proteins.

A

Albumin

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2
Q

White blood cell that releases histamine and heparin to promote inflammation:

A

Basophil

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3
Q

Function of blood:

A

Transport Nutrient and waste.

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4
Q

A moving blood clot:

A

Embolus

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5
Q

Red Blood Cell:

A

Erythrocyte

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6
Q

The blood protein fibrinogen is necessary for _____.

A

Blood Clotting

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7
Q

Main Formed Element Components of blood are

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

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8
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A
  1. Transporting fluid of the body.
  2. Regulation of pH, body temp, and water content
  3. Protection against infection
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9
Q

Word segment that means “blood”:

A

Hemo-

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10
Q

Granulocytes that are most abundant and phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses _________

A

Neutrophils

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11
Q

A deficiency in the number and/or percentage of red blood cells and the amount of blood is called____.

A

Anemia

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12
Q

Which of the following is not a blood cell?

A

Osteocyte: Bone Cell

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13
Q

____ is a term that refers to stopping or controlling bleeding.

A

Hemostasis

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14
Q

Which tissue forms the outer layer of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium

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15
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue, thickest, middle layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

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16
Q

Thin outer layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

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17
Q

Smooth inner lining of the heart

A

Endocardium.

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18
Q

Small blood vessels that branch into capillaries

A

Arterioles

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19
Q

Permit blood flow in only one direction.

A

Valves

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20
Q

Carry blood back to the heart

A

Veins

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21
Q

Carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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22
Q

Lower chamber of the heart

A

Ventricle

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23
Q

Upper chamber of the heart

A

Atrium

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24
Q

Separates heart into right and left halves

A

Septum

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25
Q

Permits blood flow in only one direction.

A

Valves

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26
Q

___ blood flows into the right heart from the vena cava. ____ blood flows into the left heart from the pulmonary veins.

A

Deoxygenated; Oxygenated.

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27
Q

Blood pressure is highest in a/an

A

artery

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28
Q

The upper chambers of the heart are known as the right and left ___.

A

Atria

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29
Q

The mitral valve is also known as the _____ valve.

A

Bicuspid

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30
Q

_____ are the smallest- diameter blood vessels.

A

Capillaries

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31
Q

The device used to record the electrical activity of the heart is call a(n)_____

A

Electrocardiogram.

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32
Q

The blood supply returned from the lower extremities through the

A

inferior vena cava.

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33
Q

In the normal sequence of blood flow, oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via pulmonary veins must enter the ____ next.

A

Left Atrium

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34
Q

What receives blood from the left atrium and pumps blood to systemic circuit.

A

Left Ventricle.

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35
Q

Main site of B-cell maturation:

A

Bone Marrow

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36
Q

The ability of the body to resist disease is known as..

A

Immunity

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37
Q

Lymph is made mainly from:

A

Interstitial fluid forced into lymphatic vessels.

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38
Q

Lymph movement is mainly due to :

A

Pressure from contracting skeletal muscles

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39
Q

What kind of cells are produced by lymph nodes?

A

Lymphocytes

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40
Q

The organ composed of lymphatic tissue that filters blood and produces white blood cells is the

A

Spleen

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41
Q

The function of the thymus is to produce and mature

A

T Lymphocytes.

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42
Q

Which condition can cause an elevated eosinophil count?

A

Tapeworm infestation

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43
Q

Which lymph organ searches for pathogens by filtering lymph?

A

Lymph node

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44
Q

Which part of the body does NOT contain lymph nodes?

A

Central Nervous System

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45
Q

T- lymphocytes mature and develop in which lymph structure?

A

Thymus gland

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46
Q

Which are functions of the lymphatic/immune system?

A
  1. Defends the body against disease.

2. Transports excess fluid from peripheral tissues back to the cardiovascular system.

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47
Q

Where might one find clusters of lymph nodes in the human body?

A
  1. Cervical Region
  2. Axillary Region
  3. Thoracic Region
  4. Inguinal Region
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48
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains

A
  1. right shoulder and right arm.
  2. right side of thoracic region
  3. right side of head.
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49
Q

Accessory Organs of the Digestive System are..

A

Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

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50
Q

The gastrointestinal or GI tract is also known as the

A

alimentary canal

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51
Q

Which enzyme is present in secretions of the mouth and pancreas?

A

Amylase

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52
Q

The digestion process begins in the ____ where the chemical digestion of carbohydrates is started.

A

Mouth (Oral Cavity)

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53
Q

What is the name of the liquid in the stomach that contains a semi fluid paste of food particles and gastric secretions?

A

Chyme

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54
Q

The process of changing complex foods into simpler substances to be absorbed is called

A

Digestion

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55
Q

The digestive system consists of _____ and accessory organs.

A

The Alimentary Canal.

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56
Q

The correct sequence of a food particle moving through the digestive tract is ____?

A

Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus.

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57
Q

The ____ is a small green organ found on the inferior surface of the liver. It stores and concentrates bile when the bile is not needed by the body.

A

Gallbladder

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58
Q

Large intestine mainly absorbs ____ in order to form more compact solid feces.

A

Water

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59
Q

A few functions of the ____ is to produce and store glycogen, detoxify alcohol, drugs, and other harmful substances, and remove old or worn out red blood cells from circulation.

A

Liver

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60
Q

Chewing is referred to as

A

Mastication

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61
Q

Major Functions of the Pancreas

A

Make bicarbonate
Make digestive enzymes
Make hormones

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62
Q

Impulses that increase activities of digestive system:

A

Parasympathetic Impulses

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63
Q

The movements that propel food particles down the digestive tract:

A

Peristalsis

64
Q

The structure that regulates the entrance of food into the duodenum is called the ____ sphincter.

A

Pyloric

65
Q

What are the three major pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

66
Q

How many secondary teeth should adults have?

A

32

67
Q

Main site for nutrient absorption:

A

Small Intestine

68
Q

Which action begins as voluntary process and then becomes an involuntary process?

A

Swallowing

69
Q

The flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the nasal cavity is known as the

A

Uvula

70
Q

What is an example of a source of complete protein?

A

Eggs

71
Q

Lipids include

A

Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol

72
Q

Macronutrients include

A

Lipids (Fats), Carbohydrates, and Proteins

73
Q

_____ is required for blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

74
Q

T/F Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.

A

True

75
Q

Water- Soluble Vitamins are

A

Vitamin B and Vitamin C

76
Q

The structure at the end of the bronchial tree where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs is the

A

Alveolus

77
Q

The lower end of the trachea divides into the

A

Right Bronchus and Left Bronchus

78
Q

The vocal cords are in the

A

Larynx

79
Q

The organ responsible for excretion of carbon dioxide is the

A

Lungs

80
Q

The Nasal Cavity helps ____ incoming air.

A

Filter

81
Q

Digestive organ that is also part of the respiratory system:

A

Pharynx

82
Q

This structure contains 15 to 20 c-shaped cartilage rings and serves as a passageway for air; it is known as the

A

Trachea

83
Q

When air travels through the nasal cavity, it is filtered,

A

Warmed, and moistened.

84
Q

It is through the moist walls of the alveoli and the ____ surrounding them that rapid exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs.

A

Capillaries

85
Q

The pharynx is also known as the

A

Throat

86
Q

The primary function of the bladder is

A

Storing Urine

87
Q

The first step in urine formation is

A

Filtration

88
Q

In the kidney, the initial filtrate is made by the

A

Glomerulus

89
Q

What are the function of the kidneys?

A
  • Removal of metabolic waste and excess chemicals

- Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges

90
Q

The most important excretory organ are the

A

Kidneys

91
Q

Process of releasing urine to the outside:

A

Micturition

92
Q

The basic functional and structural unit of the kidney, located in the cortex, is called the

A

Nephrons

93
Q

The second step in the formation of urine is

A

Reabsorption

94
Q

The kidney is divided internally into the medulla and cortex. The medulla contains cone- shaped structures, called the

A

Renal Pyramids

95
Q

The long tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder are called the

A

Ureters

96
Q

A passageway for both urine and semen in males is called the

A

Urethra

97
Q

The ___ is the thin-walled tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body.

A

Urethra

98
Q

Which urethral sphincter is under conscious control?

A

External Urethral Sphincter

99
Q

The ____, a hollow muscular organ made of elastic fibers and involuntary muscle, acts like a reservoir to store urine until it is eliminated from the body.

A

Urinary Bladder

100
Q

The organs of the urinary system are…

A

Paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.

101
Q

At the completion of these processes — filtration, reabsorption, and secretion— the glomerular filtrate is now called

A

Urine

102
Q

T/F

The urethra is shorter and more prone to urinary tract infection in females.

A

True

103
Q

A buffer us a substance that

A

Stabilizes the pH of a solution, even when an acid or base is added.

104
Q

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

A
  • prolonged vomiting
  • taking too many antacids
  • gastric lavage (“stomach pumping”)
105
Q

The accumulation of dissolved carbon dioxide is known as

A

Respiratory Acidosis

106
Q

Most water intake occurs through:

A

Drinking Beverages

107
Q

Most water output occurs through:

A

Urine

108
Q

Gamete

A

Specialized sex or germ cells

109
Q

Meiosos

A

Specialized cell division process for the formation or germ cells

110
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg cell

111
Q

Ova

A

Female germ cell

112
Q

Part of the sperm cell that has enzymes to help with oocyte penetration:

A

Acrosome

113
Q

Main function of alkaline secretions from prostate and seminal vesicles:

A

Neutralize acids that interfere with sperm health

114
Q

Sperm cells mature in the

A

Epididymis.

115
Q

Pouch-like organ that stores the testes and adjusts their proximity to the body based on temperature:

A

Scrotum

116
Q

___ is a mixture of sperm cells and the seminal vesicles, secretions of the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands.

A

Semen

117
Q

The male gonads are called the

A

Testes

118
Q

The male hormone is

A

Testosterone

119
Q

A passageway for both urine and semen in males

A

Urethra

120
Q

Connects epididymis to ejaculatory duct:

A

Vas Deferens

121
Q

The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the

A

Cervix

122
Q

The rounded upper part of the uterus is called the

A

Fundus

123
Q

The main process involved with gamete (sex cell) formation:

A

Meiosis

124
Q

The process of producing ova (egg) in the female is called

A

Oogenesis

125
Q

Organ in females that is homologous (counterpart) to the testis in males

A

Ovary

126
Q

Organ that stores the developing fetus:

A

Uterus

127
Q

The ___ is the short muscular canal that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside.

A

Vagina

128
Q

The collection of the external female genitalia is called the

A

Vulva

129
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized Egg

130
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells, has undergone period of cleavage

131
Q

Gastrula

A

An embryo that has the three primary germ layers

132
Q

Blastocyst

A

Hollow ball of cells that implants in the uterus

133
Q

To fertilize an egg, enzymes in the sperm ____ help digest a tunnel through the corona radiata:

A

Acrosome

134
Q

Amniotic fluid is useful for fetal:

A

Protection

135
Q

Sequence of stages of early human prenatal development

A

Zygote, Morula, Blastocyst, Gastrula

136
Q

Fertilization of the egg by the sperm takes place in the

A

Fallopian (Uterine) Tube

137
Q

Pregnancy hormonal marker that is only made during pregnancy:

A

hCG

138
Q

Which layer forms primarily connective and muscle tissue?

A

Mesoderm

139
Q

The hormone oxytocin aids the birth process by stimulating

A

Uterine wall contractions

140
Q

Human prenatal development takes ____ weeks.

A

38

141
Q

Organ where the egg originates

A

Ovary

142
Q

Organ that stores the developing fetus

A

Uterus

143
Q

T/F

The 3 germ layers of the embryonic disc give rise to all the organ systems of the body

A

TRUE

144
Q

Fluid that immediately surrounds and cushions the fetus:

A

Amniotic Fluid

145
Q

Hormone that sustains a positive feedback loop of uterine contractions during child birth:

A

Oxytocin

146
Q

Which embryonic membrane surrounds the embryo with a fluid that protects and cushions the embryo?

A

Amnion

147
Q

Which embryonic structure combines with the endometrium to form the placenta?

A

Chorion

148
Q

A decrease in which placental hormone initiates labor?

A

Progesterone

149
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release (NOT PRODUCTION) of milk from the mammary gland ducts?

A

Oxytocin

150
Q

Which primary germ layer on the embryonic disc forms the muscles and bones?

A

Mesoderm

151
Q

Which primary germ layer on the embryonic disc will form the skin and accessory structures?

A

Ectoderm

152
Q

Which primary germ layer on the embryonic disc will form the epithelia (lining) of the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts?

A

Endoderm

153
Q

The hormone that stimulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

154
Q

Word segment that means “to divide or period of development when the zygote divides”?

A

Cleav-

155
Q

What hormone will prevent spontaneous abortion of the fetus and helps maintain the corpus luteum (which secretes two placental hormones). This hormone spikes for the first trimester and then declines?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

156
Q

Approximately what week does the embryo implant on the uterine wall?

A

Weeks 1-2

157
Q

Approximately ow much time does the secondary oocyte have to fertilize with the sperm cell before it will die when released from the ovary?

A

12 to 24 hours.

Bio AP1 Final (2 decks)

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