BIO AP2 Final Flashcards
____ is the most abundant of the plasma proteins.
Albumin
White blood cell that releases histamine and heparin to promote inflammation:
Basophil
Function of blood:
Transport Nutrient and waste.
A moving blood clot:
Embolus
Red Blood Cell:
Erythrocyte
The blood protein fibrinogen is necessary for _____.
Blood Clotting
Main Formed Element Components of blood are
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
What are the main functions of blood?
- Transporting fluid of the body.
- Regulation of pH, body temp, and water content
- Protection against infection
Word segment that means “blood”:
Hemo-
Granulocytes that are most abundant and phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses _________
Neutrophils
A deficiency in the number and/or percentage of red blood cells and the amount of blood is called____.
Anemia
Which of the following is not a blood cell?
Osteocyte: Bone Cell
____ is a term that refers to stopping or controlling bleeding.
Hemostasis
Which tissue forms the outer layer of the heart wall?
Epicardium
Cardiac muscle tissue, thickest, middle layer of the heart
Myocardium
Thin outer layer of the heart
Epicardium
Smooth inner lining of the heart
Endocardium.
Small blood vessels that branch into capillaries
Arterioles
Permit blood flow in only one direction.
Valves
Carry blood back to the heart
Veins
Carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
Lower chamber of the heart
Ventricle
Upper chamber of the heart
Atrium
Separates heart into right and left halves
Septum
Permits blood flow in only one direction.
Valves
___ blood flows into the right heart from the vena cava. ____ blood flows into the left heart from the pulmonary veins.
Deoxygenated; Oxygenated.
Blood pressure is highest in a/an
artery
The upper chambers of the heart are known as the right and left ___.
Atria
The mitral valve is also known as the _____ valve.
Bicuspid
_____ are the smallest- diameter blood vessels.
Capillaries
The device used to record the electrical activity of the heart is call a(n)_____
Electrocardiogram.
The blood supply returned from the lower extremities through the
inferior vena cava.
In the normal sequence of blood flow, oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via pulmonary veins must enter the ____ next.
Left Atrium
What receives blood from the left atrium and pumps blood to systemic circuit.
Left Ventricle.
Main site of B-cell maturation:
Bone Marrow
The ability of the body to resist disease is known as..
Immunity
Lymph is made mainly from:
Interstitial fluid forced into lymphatic vessels.
Lymph movement is mainly due to :
Pressure from contracting skeletal muscles
What kind of cells are produced by lymph nodes?
Lymphocytes
The organ composed of lymphatic tissue that filters blood and produces white blood cells is the
Spleen
The function of the thymus is to produce and mature
T Lymphocytes.
Which condition can cause an elevated eosinophil count?
Tapeworm infestation
Which lymph organ searches for pathogens by filtering lymph?
Lymph node
Which part of the body does NOT contain lymph nodes?
Central Nervous System
T- lymphocytes mature and develop in which lymph structure?
Thymus gland
Which are functions of the lymphatic/immune system?
- Defends the body against disease.
2. Transports excess fluid from peripheral tissues back to the cardiovascular system.
Where might one find clusters of lymph nodes in the human body?
- Cervical Region
- Axillary Region
- Thoracic Region
- Inguinal Region
The right lymphatic duct drains
- right shoulder and right arm.
- right side of thoracic region
- right side of head.
Accessory Organs of the Digestive System are..
Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
The gastrointestinal or GI tract is also known as the
alimentary canal
Which enzyme is present in secretions of the mouth and pancreas?
Amylase
The digestion process begins in the ____ where the chemical digestion of carbohydrates is started.
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
What is the name of the liquid in the stomach that contains a semi fluid paste of food particles and gastric secretions?
Chyme
The process of changing complex foods into simpler substances to be absorbed is called
Digestion
The digestive system consists of _____ and accessory organs.
The Alimentary Canal.
The correct sequence of a food particle moving through the digestive tract is ____?
Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus.
The ____ is a small green organ found on the inferior surface of the liver. It stores and concentrates bile when the bile is not needed by the body.
Gallbladder
Large intestine mainly absorbs ____ in order to form more compact solid feces.
Water
A few functions of the ____ is to produce and store glycogen, detoxify alcohol, drugs, and other harmful substances, and remove old or worn out red blood cells from circulation.
Liver
Chewing is referred to as
Mastication
Major Functions of the Pancreas
Make bicarbonate
Make digestive enzymes
Make hormones
Impulses that increase activities of digestive system:
Parasympathetic Impulses
The movements that propel food particles down the digestive tract:
Peristalsis
The structure that regulates the entrance of food into the duodenum is called the ____ sphincter.
Pyloric
What are the three major pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
How many secondary teeth should adults have?
32
Main site for nutrient absorption:
Small Intestine
Which action begins as voluntary process and then becomes an involuntary process?
Swallowing
The flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the nasal cavity is known as the
Uvula
What is an example of a source of complete protein?
Eggs
Lipids include
Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol
Macronutrients include
Lipids (Fats), Carbohydrates, and Proteins
_____ is required for blood clotting
Vitamin K
T/F Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
True
Water- Soluble Vitamins are
Vitamin B and Vitamin C
The structure at the end of the bronchial tree where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs is the
Alveolus
The lower end of the trachea divides into the
Right Bronchus and Left Bronchus
The vocal cords are in the
Larynx
The organ responsible for excretion of carbon dioxide is the
Lungs
The Nasal Cavity helps ____ incoming air.
Filter
Digestive organ that is also part of the respiratory system:
Pharynx
This structure contains 15 to 20 c-shaped cartilage rings and serves as a passageway for air; it is known as the
Trachea
When air travels through the nasal cavity, it is filtered,
Warmed, and moistened.
It is through the moist walls of the alveoli and the ____ surrounding them that rapid exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs.
Capillaries
The pharynx is also known as the
Throat
The primary function of the bladder is
Storing Urine
The first step in urine formation is
Filtration
In the kidney, the initial filtrate is made by the
Glomerulus
What are the function of the kidneys?
- Removal of metabolic waste and excess chemicals
- Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges
The most important excretory organ are the
Kidneys
Process of releasing urine to the outside:
Micturition
The basic functional and structural unit of the kidney, located in the cortex, is called the
Nephrons
The second step in the formation of urine is
Reabsorption
The kidney is divided internally into the medulla and cortex. The medulla contains cone- shaped structures, called the
Renal Pyramids
The long tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder are called the
Ureters
A passageway for both urine and semen in males is called the
Urethra
The ___ is the thin-walled tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Urethra
Which urethral sphincter is under conscious control?
External Urethral Sphincter
The ____, a hollow muscular organ made of elastic fibers and involuntary muscle, acts like a reservoir to store urine until it is eliminated from the body.
Urinary Bladder
The organs of the urinary system are…
Paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.
At the completion of these processes — filtration, reabsorption, and secretion— the glomerular filtrate is now called
Urine
T/F
The urethra is shorter and more prone to urinary tract infection in females.
True
A buffer us a substance that
Stabilizes the pH of a solution, even when an acid or base is added.
Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by
- prolonged vomiting
- taking too many antacids
- gastric lavage (“stomach pumping”)
The accumulation of dissolved carbon dioxide is known as
Respiratory Acidosis
Most water intake occurs through:
Drinking Beverages
Most water output occurs through:
Urine
Gamete
Specialized sex or germ cells
Meiosos
Specialized cell division process for the formation or germ cells
Zygote
Fertilized egg cell
Ova
Female germ cell
Part of the sperm cell that has enzymes to help with oocyte penetration:
Acrosome
Main function of alkaline secretions from prostate and seminal vesicles:
Neutralize acids that interfere with sperm health
Sperm cells mature in the
Epididymis.
Pouch-like organ that stores the testes and adjusts their proximity to the body based on temperature:
Scrotum
___ is a mixture of sperm cells and the seminal vesicles, secretions of the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands.
Semen
The male gonads are called the
Testes
The male hormone is
Testosterone
A passageway for both urine and semen in males
Urethra
Connects epididymis to ejaculatory duct:
Vas Deferens
The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the
Cervix
The rounded upper part of the uterus is called the
Fundus
The main process involved with gamete (sex cell) formation:
Meiosis
The process of producing ova (egg) in the female is called
Oogenesis
Organ in females that is homologous (counterpart) to the testis in males
Ovary
Organ that stores the developing fetus:
Uterus
The ___ is the short muscular canal that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside.
Vagina
The collection of the external female genitalia is called the
Vulva
Zygote
Fertilized Egg
Morula
Solid ball of cells, has undergone period of cleavage
Gastrula
An embryo that has the three primary germ layers
Blastocyst
Hollow ball of cells that implants in the uterus
To fertilize an egg, enzymes in the sperm ____ help digest a tunnel through the corona radiata:
Acrosome
Amniotic fluid is useful for fetal:
Protection
Sequence of stages of early human prenatal development
Zygote, Morula, Blastocyst, Gastrula
Fertilization of the egg by the sperm takes place in the
Fallopian (Uterine) Tube
Pregnancy hormonal marker that is only made during pregnancy:
hCG
Which layer forms primarily connective and muscle tissue?
Mesoderm
The hormone oxytocin aids the birth process by stimulating
Uterine wall contractions
Human prenatal development takes ____ weeks.
38
Organ where the egg originates
Ovary
Organ that stores the developing fetus
Uterus
T/F
The 3 germ layers of the embryonic disc give rise to all the organ systems of the body
TRUE
Fluid that immediately surrounds and cushions the fetus:
Amniotic Fluid
Hormone that sustains a positive feedback loop of uterine contractions during child birth:
Oxytocin
Which embryonic membrane surrounds the embryo with a fluid that protects and cushions the embryo?
Amnion
Which embryonic structure combines with the endometrium to form the placenta?
Chorion
A decrease in which placental hormone initiates labor?
Progesterone
Which hormone stimulates the release (NOT PRODUCTION) of milk from the mammary gland ducts?
Oxytocin
Which primary germ layer on the embryonic disc forms the muscles and bones?
Mesoderm
Which primary germ layer on the embryonic disc will form the skin and accessory structures?
Ectoderm
Which primary germ layer on the embryonic disc will form the epithelia (lining) of the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts?
Endoderm
The hormone that stimulates milk production?
Prolactin
Word segment that means “to divide or period of development when the zygote divides”?
Cleav-
What hormone will prevent spontaneous abortion of the fetus and helps maintain the corpus luteum (which secretes two placental hormones). This hormone spikes for the first trimester and then declines?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Approximately what week does the embryo implant on the uterine wall?
Weeks 1-2
Approximately ow much time does the secondary oocyte have to fertilize with the sperm cell before it will die when released from the ovary?
12 to 24 hours.
