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Bio AP1 Final > Bio AP Final > Flashcards

Bio AP Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The concentration of what ion is measured by pH?

A

H+ ion

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2
Q

Which term refers to the study of the structure of the human body?

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

Atomic number is determined by the number of:

A

Protons

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4
Q

Characteristic of life that involves creation of a whole new organism:

A

Reproduction

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5
Q

Cell membranes are mostly made of which type of organic nutrient?

A

Phospholipids

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6
Q

Plane of sections that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions:

A

Frontal

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7
Q

Body region known as the neck:

A

Cervical

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8
Q

Ears are _____ to the nose.

A

Lateral

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9
Q

Plane of section that divides the body into EQUAL right and left portions:

A

Midsagittal

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10
Q

Plane of section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions:

A

Transverse

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11
Q

Negatively charges subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus:

A

Electrons

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12
Q

Which subatomic particle is located outside of the nucleus of the atom?

A

Electrons

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13
Q

Chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between charged atoms after the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another:

A

Ionic

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14
Q

What type of bond is formed when atoms share electron?

A

Covalent Bond

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15
Q

Which characteristic of life involves the breakdown of food substances into simpler forms?

A

Digestion

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16
Q

Muscular System

A

The ability of the organism (in part or whole) to move

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17
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

The movement of necessary substances to, into, and around cells, and of cellular products and wastes out of and away from cells.

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18
Q

Respiratory System

A

The burning or oxidation of food molecules in a cell to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide.

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19
Q

Integumentary System

A

Waterproof covering of the body

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20
Q

Select the organs of the abdominal cavity.

A

Liver, Pancreas, Small Intestine

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21
Q

System that functions to move blood and transport its associated gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat throughout the body:

A

Cardiovascular

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22
Q

Term that means to maintain a relatively stable internal environment:

A

Homeostasis

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23
Q

Definition of homeostasis:

A

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment

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24
Q

Word root that means over, excessive, above normal:

A

Hyper-

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25
Q

Following sequences place the terms from the simplest to the most complex?

A

Cells, Tissues, organs, organ system, human body

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26
Q

Skin, heart, and brain are examples of the ______ level of organization.

A

Organ

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27
Q

Word segment “peri-“ means:

A

around

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28
Q

Word segment “-stasis” means”

A

Standing still

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29
Q

If the pH= 4, is this an acid or a base?

A

Acid

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30
Q

IF the pH=9, is this an acid or a base?

A

Base

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31
Q

A solution very low on the pH scale tends to be a very strong:

A

Acid

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32
Q

Normal pH for human blood

A

7.40

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33
Q

Chemical reaction when a larger molecule breaks down into smaller molecules:

A

Decomposition

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34
Q

Characteristic of DNA:

A

Tends to be double stranded

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35
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Stores the genetic code.

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36
Q

Chemical reaction when the parts of 2 different molecules trade positions:

A

Exchange

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37
Q

The weakest bond:

A

Hydrogen

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38
Q

Term that describes a solution with a solute concentration equal to that inside a cell:

A

Isotonic

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39
Q

Neutral pH:

A

7.0

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40
Q

Subatomic particle with no charge:

A

Neutrons

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41
Q

Which type of organic molecule interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis?

A

RNA

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42
Q

In all organisms, the basic unit of life is

A

the cell

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43
Q

“Powerhouse” of the cell that generates a large amount of ATP in the presence of oxygen:

A

Mitochondria

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44
Q

An example of anabolism:

A

Protein synthesis

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45
Q

“Anabolism” refers to

A

chemical reactions that acquire energy

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46
Q

Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules:

A

Catabolism

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47
Q

Helps complete the shape of enzymes to activate them:

A

Cofactor

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48
Q

Buildup of larger molecules by removal of water:

A

Dehydration synthesis

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49
Q

According to base paring rules, in DNA:

A

G binds with C

A binds with T

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50
Q

An enzyme

A

a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

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51
Q

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product:

A

metabolic pathway

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52
Q

Metabolism is defined as______.

A

all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.

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53
Q

Glycolysis requires oxygen. T/F

A

False

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54
Q

Part of the enzyme that is specifically shaped to bind to a certain substrate:

A

Active site

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55
Q

NOT a proper base paring in DNA:

A

A to G

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56
Q

T/F A DNA molecule is double-stranded, consisting of two polynucleotide chains that twist and form a double helix.

A

True

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57
Q

Word segment “histo-“ means:

A

Tissue

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58
Q

What are the different types of tissues?

A

Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous

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59
Q

Epithelium that can be found in the superficial layer (epidermis) of skin:

A

Stratified Squamous

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60
Q

Epithelium that forms the inner lining of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine:

A

Simple Columnar

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61
Q

Which type of tissue covers the internal and external surfaces of the body?

A

Epithelial

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62
Q

Term that describes an epithelium with only one layer:

A

Simple

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63
Q

Epithelium that can be found in the outer layer (epidermis) of skin:

A

Stratified Squamous

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64
Q

Epithelium that appears to have many layers, but actually does not:

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

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65
Q

Connective Tissue with a solid matrix that functions to support, protect, and store minerals:

A

Bone

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66
Q

Which type of tissue provides support for other types of tissues?

A

Connective

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67
Q

Connective tissue that stores fat, insulates, and protects against trauma:

A

Adipose

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68
Q

A ____ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body.

A

Mucous

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69
Q

“Cutaneous Membrane” refers to _____.

A

Skin

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70
Q

Two types of cells mainly found in nervous tissue:

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

71
Q

T/F The human integumentary system includes skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

A

True

72
Q

Which of these are functions of the skin?

A

Manufactures vitamin D

Regulates body temperature

73
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of skin, where keratinization occurs.

74
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

Lies beneath the skin, connects it to the muscle layer beneath

75
Q

Dermis

A

Inner layer of skin, contains nerve receptors and blood vessels.

76
Q

The most superficial layer of skin:

A

Epidermis

77
Q

Layer of the skin that contains blood vessels:

A

Dermis

78
Q

T/F Mutations in melanin genes cause a condition called albinism, which includes nonpigmented skin.

A

True

79
Q

Type of sweat gland that is mainly found in the axillary and groin region whose secretions are responsible for creating body odor:

A

Apocrine

80
Q

_____ glands are a modified form of sweat gland and produce the substance known as earwax.

A

Ceruminous

81
Q

T/F Hyperthermia means below normal heat.

A

False

82
Q

In response to hyperthermia:

A

Skin blood vessels tend to constrict.

83
Q

Which type of burn involves only the epidermal layer of the skin?

A

First Degree

84
Q

Characteristic unique to a 2nd degree burn:

A

Blisters

85
Q

Which level of burn may not be painful due to the destruction of nerve endings?

A

Third degree burn.

86
Q

Which part of the skeletal system would be found on the axial skeleton?

A

Skull

87
Q

Your axial skeleton consists of:

A

Skull, Ribs and Sternum, Spinal column

88
Q

Major function of bone:

A

Protect internal organs

89
Q

Major function of bones:

A

Protect softer body parts

Store Minerals

90
Q

Which of the following group of bones, based on shape, is associated with a correct example?

A

Long bones - forearm bones

91
Q

The collar bone:

A

Clavicle

92
Q

The cranium protects the

A

Brain

93
Q

The modified ends of a long bone that are often covered with cartilage:

A

Epiphysis

94
Q

The femur is a type of _____ bone.

A

Long

95
Q

The vertebrae is an example of an(n)

A

Irregular bone

96
Q

The major bone building cell:

A

Osteoblast

97
Q

The major bone breaking cell:

A

Osteoclast

98
Q

Blood cells are produced in the organs of the ______ system.

A

Skeletal

99
Q

The sternum is a type of _____ bone.

A

Flat

100
Q

Synathrotic

A

Immovable Joint

101
Q

Diarthrotic

A

Freely movable joint

102
Q

Amphiarthrotic

A

Slightly Movable Joint

103
Q

Type of Joint: HIP

A

Ball and socket

104
Q

Type of Joint: ELBOW

A

Hinge

105
Q

Type of Joint: ANKLE

A

Plane/Gliding

106
Q

Type of Joint: THUMB

A

Saddle

107
Q

What is the opposite movement of: ELEVATION

A

Depression

108
Q

What is the opposite movement of: INVERSION

A

Eversion

109
Q

What is the opposite movement of: PRONATION

A

Supination

110
Q

What is the opposite movement of: FLEXION

A

Extension

111
Q

Movement of a body part away from the midline:

A

Abduction

112
Q

Movement of a body part towards the midline:

A

Adduction

113
Q

Joints that are considered slightly movable:

A

Amphiarthrotic

114
Q

Joints are also called

A

Articulations

115
Q

Joints that are considered freely movable:

A

Diarthrotic

116
Q

Which type of joint provides the widest range of motion?

A

Ball and Socket

117
Q

Bones of a synovial joint are held together by

A

A Joint Capsule

118
Q

Joints….

A

Bind Bones, Enable body parts to move, and allow bones to grow.

119
Q

A synovial membrane secretes

A

synovial fluid

120
Q

Which muscle is non striated and has involuntary movement?

A

Smooth Muscle

121
Q

Which muscle is striated and has voluntary movement?

A

Skeletal Muscle

122
Q

Which muscle is striated and has involuntary movement?

A

Cardiac Muscle

123
Q

ATP is needed for muscle:

A

Relaxation and Contraction

124
Q

Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction:

A

Acetylcholine

125
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used by the muscular system?

A

Acetylcholine

126
Q

Muscle that is involuntary, striated, and singly nucleated:

A

Cardiac

127
Q

The muscle that controls breathing is the

A

Diaphragm

128
Q

Connective tissue layer that surrounds whole muscle:

A

Fascia

129
Q

The muscle that forms the buttock:

A

Gluteus Maximus

130
Q

A single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it controls:

A

Motor Unit

131
Q

Main types of muscle tissue:

A

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

132
Q

The muscular system is responsible for

A

Moving the body

133
Q

A muscle located on the anterior part of the chest is the

A

Pectoralis Major

134
Q

Muscle that is voluntary, striated, and multinucleated

A

Skeletal

135
Q

Muscle that is involuntary, non-striated, and singly nucleated:

A

Smooth

136
Q

A nerve composed of fibers that carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain is called a(n)____ nerve.

A

Afferent

137
Q

Word segment that means “star-like”:

A

Astr-

138
Q

The autonomic nervous system is also called _____.

A

Involuntary

139
Q

Which of the following systems consists of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Central Nervous System

140
Q

Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands are

A

Motor Neurons

141
Q

Two types of cells of the nervous system are

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

142
Q

Three general functions of the nervous system are

A

Integrative, Motor, and Sensory

143
Q

The nervous system

A
  • Detects changes in the internal or external environment
  • Controls the movement of muscles
  • Integrates information from several sources and uses it to determine an appropriate response.
144
Q

The supporting framework of the nervous system is composed of

A

Neuroglial Cells.

145
Q

What is the purpose of the neuroglia?

A

To insulate, support, and protect neurons.

146
Q

A neuron may have

A

one axon and many dendrites

147
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of

A

The cranial nerves and spinal nerves

148
Q

Part of the nervous system that carries signals from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory Division

149
Q

The functional connection between two neurons is a

A

Synapse

150
Q

Which nervous system function carries impulses to the effectors?

A

Motor Function

151
Q

Which nervous system carries information to the CNS?

A

Sensory Function

152
Q

Which neuroglia support the ganglia in the PNS?

A

Satellite Cells

153
Q

Which neuron structure transmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters at the synapse?

A

Axon

154
Q

The cortex of the spinal cord is composed of what type of nervous tissue?

A

White matter

155
Q

Olfactory and gustatory receptors are types of:

A

Chemoreceptors

156
Q

Receptors for the general senses are found

A

widely distributed throughout the body

157
Q

Another name for pain receptors

A

Nociceptor

158
Q

The brain interprets input from sensory receptors as

A

Perception

159
Q

A pole vaulter keeps track of his position in mid-air through

A

Proprioceptors

160
Q

What stimulates Chemoreceptors, Pain receptors, and Thermoreceptors?

A
  • Chemoreceptors: stimulated by changes in chemical concentrations
  • Pain receptors- stimulated by damage to tissues
  • Thermoreceptors- stimulated by temperature changes
161
Q

Pain perceived as located in a body part other than the part stimulated is

A

Referred Pain

162
Q

The ability to ignore your socks around your ankles demonstrates

A

sensory adaption

163
Q

Man, that bathroom was a sack of farts! But, after a minute, I didn’t even notice it anymore. What happened?

A

Sensory Adaption

164
Q

Receptors for the special senses are found

A

Primarily in the head

165
Q

Which flavor can the taste buds sense, in addition to sweet, sour, bitter, and salty?

A

Umami

166
Q

Which section of the brain contains the auditory area that interprets sound?

A

Temporal Lobe

167
Q

T/F The sensation of taste is coupled with the sense of touch.

A

False. Taste is coupled with Smell

168
Q

Which structure secretes tear?

A

Lacrimal Glands

169
Q

Special sense structure mainly involved with vision:

A

Retina

170
Q

Growth hormone (GH), prolactin hormone (PR), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) are all secreted by the ______.

A

Anterior Pituitary

171
Q

“Endocrine” means

A

Internal Secretion

172
Q

_____ glands are called ductless glands or glands of internal secretion because they deliver their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine

173
Q

____ glands are those whose secretions must go through a duct to carry them to a body surface or target organ. Some of these glands include sweat, salivary, lacrimal and the pancreas.

A

Exocrine

174
Q

The hormones produced by the hypothalamus (ADH and oxytocin) are stored in the

A

Posterior Pituitary Lobe

Bio AP1 Final (2 decks)

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