Bio AP Final Flashcards
The concentration of what ion is measured by pH?
H+ ion
Which term refers to the study of the structure of the human body?
Anatomy
Atomic number is determined by the number of:
Protons
Characteristic of life that involves creation of a whole new organism:
Reproduction
Cell membranes are mostly made of which type of organic nutrient?
Phospholipids
Plane of sections that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions:
Frontal
Body region known as the neck:
Cervical
Ears are _____ to the nose.
Lateral
Plane of section that divides the body into EQUAL right and left portions:
Midsagittal
Plane of section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions:
Transverse
Negatively charges subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus:
Electrons
Which subatomic particle is located outside of the nucleus of the atom?
Electrons
Chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between charged atoms after the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another:
Ionic
What type of bond is formed when atoms share electron?
Covalent Bond
Which characteristic of life involves the breakdown of food substances into simpler forms?
Digestion
Muscular System
The ability of the organism (in part or whole) to move
Cardiovascular System
The movement of necessary substances to, into, and around cells, and of cellular products and wastes out of and away from cells.
Respiratory System
The burning or oxidation of food molecules in a cell to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
Integumentary System
Waterproof covering of the body
Select the organs of the abdominal cavity.
Liver, Pancreas, Small Intestine
System that functions to move blood and transport its associated gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat throughout the body:
Cardiovascular
Term that means to maintain a relatively stable internal environment:
Homeostasis
Definition of homeostasis:
Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment
Word root that means over, excessive, above normal:
Hyper-
Following sequences place the terms from the simplest to the most complex?
Cells, Tissues, organs, organ system, human body
Skin, heart, and brain are examples of the ______ level of organization.
Organ
Word segment “peri-“ means:
around
Word segment “-stasis” means”
Standing still
If the pH= 4, is this an acid or a base?
Acid
IF the pH=9, is this an acid or a base?
Base
A solution very low on the pH scale tends to be a very strong:
Acid
Normal pH for human blood
7.40
Chemical reaction when a larger molecule breaks down into smaller molecules:
Decomposition
Characteristic of DNA:
Tends to be double stranded
What is the function of DNA?
Stores the genetic code.
Chemical reaction when the parts of 2 different molecules trade positions:
Exchange
The weakest bond:
Hydrogen
Term that describes a solution with a solute concentration equal to that inside a cell:
Isotonic
Neutral pH:
7.0
Subatomic particle with no charge:
Neutrons
Which type of organic molecule interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis?
RNA
In all organisms, the basic unit of life is
the cell
“Powerhouse” of the cell that generates a large amount of ATP in the presence of oxygen:
Mitochondria
An example of anabolism:
Protein synthesis
“Anabolism” refers to
chemical reactions that acquire energy
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules:
Catabolism
Helps complete the shape of enzymes to activate them:
Cofactor
Buildup of larger molecules by removal of water:
Dehydration synthesis
According to base paring rules, in DNA:
G binds with C
A binds with T
An enzyme
a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product:
metabolic pathway
Metabolism is defined as______.
all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.
Glycolysis requires oxygen. T/F
False
Part of the enzyme that is specifically shaped to bind to a certain substrate:
Active site
NOT a proper base paring in DNA:
A to G
T/F A DNA molecule is double-stranded, consisting of two polynucleotide chains that twist and form a double helix.
True
Word segment “histo-“ means:
Tissue
What are the different types of tissues?
Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous
Epithelium that can be found in the superficial layer (epidermis) of skin:
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium that forms the inner lining of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine:
Simple Columnar
Which type of tissue covers the internal and external surfaces of the body?
Epithelial
Term that describes an epithelium with only one layer:
Simple
Epithelium that can be found in the outer layer (epidermis) of skin:
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium that appears to have many layers, but actually does not:
Pseudostratified Columnar
Connective Tissue with a solid matrix that functions to support, protect, and store minerals:
Bone
Which type of tissue provides support for other types of tissues?
Connective
Connective tissue that stores fat, insulates, and protects against trauma:
Adipose
A ____ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body.
Mucous
“Cutaneous Membrane” refers to _____.
Skin
Two types of cells mainly found in nervous tissue:
Neurons and Neuroglia
T/F The human integumentary system includes skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
True
Which of these are functions of the skin?
Manufactures vitamin D
Regulates body temperature
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin, where keratinization occurs.
Subcutaneous Layer
Lies beneath the skin, connects it to the muscle layer beneath
Dermis
Inner layer of skin, contains nerve receptors and blood vessels.
The most superficial layer of skin:
Epidermis
Layer of the skin that contains blood vessels:
Dermis
T/F Mutations in melanin genes cause a condition called albinism, which includes nonpigmented skin.
True
Type of sweat gland that is mainly found in the axillary and groin region whose secretions are responsible for creating body odor:
Apocrine
_____ glands are a modified form of sweat gland and produce the substance known as earwax.
Ceruminous
T/F Hyperthermia means below normal heat.
False
In response to hyperthermia:
Skin blood vessels tend to constrict.
Which type of burn involves only the epidermal layer of the skin?
First Degree
Characteristic unique to a 2nd degree burn:
Blisters
Which level of burn may not be painful due to the destruction of nerve endings?
Third degree burn.
Which part of the skeletal system would be found on the axial skeleton?
Skull
Your axial skeleton consists of:
Skull, Ribs and Sternum, Spinal column
Major function of bone:
Protect internal organs
Major function of bones:
Protect softer body parts
Store Minerals
Which of the following group of bones, based on shape, is associated with a correct example?
Long bones - forearm bones
The collar bone:
Clavicle
The cranium protects the
Brain
The modified ends of a long bone that are often covered with cartilage:
Epiphysis
The femur is a type of _____ bone.
Long
The vertebrae is an example of an(n)
Irregular bone
The major bone building cell:
Osteoblast
The major bone breaking cell:
Osteoclast
Blood cells are produced in the organs of the ______ system.
Skeletal
The sternum is a type of _____ bone.
Flat
Synathrotic
Immovable Joint
Diarthrotic
Freely movable joint
Amphiarthrotic
Slightly Movable Joint
Type of Joint: HIP
Ball and socket
Type of Joint: ELBOW
Hinge
Type of Joint: ANKLE
Plane/Gliding
Type of Joint: THUMB
Saddle
What is the opposite movement of: ELEVATION
Depression
What is the opposite movement of: INVERSION
Eversion
What is the opposite movement of: PRONATION
Supination
What is the opposite movement of: FLEXION
Extension
Movement of a body part away from the midline:
Abduction
Movement of a body part towards the midline:
Adduction
Joints that are considered slightly movable:
Amphiarthrotic
Joints are also called
Articulations
Joints that are considered freely movable:
Diarthrotic
Which type of joint provides the widest range of motion?
Ball and Socket
Bones of a synovial joint are held together by
A Joint Capsule
Joints….
Bind Bones, Enable body parts to move, and allow bones to grow.
A synovial membrane secretes
synovial fluid
Which muscle is non striated and has involuntary movement?
Smooth Muscle
Which muscle is striated and has voluntary movement?
Skeletal Muscle
Which muscle is striated and has involuntary movement?
Cardiac Muscle
ATP is needed for muscle:
Relaxation and Contraction
Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction:
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is used by the muscular system?
Acetylcholine
Muscle that is involuntary, striated, and singly nucleated:
Cardiac
The muscle that controls breathing is the
Diaphragm
Connective tissue layer that surrounds whole muscle:
Fascia
The muscle that forms the buttock:
Gluteus Maximus
A single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it controls:
Motor Unit
Main types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
The muscular system is responsible for
Moving the body
A muscle located on the anterior part of the chest is the
Pectoralis Major
Muscle that is voluntary, striated, and multinucleated
Skeletal
Muscle that is involuntary, non-striated, and singly nucleated:
Smooth
A nerve composed of fibers that carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain is called a(n)____ nerve.
Afferent
Word segment that means “star-like”:
Astr-
The autonomic nervous system is also called _____.
Involuntary
Which of the following systems consists of the brain and spinal cord?
Central Nervous System
Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands are
Motor Neurons
Two types of cells of the nervous system are
Neurons and Neuroglia
Three general functions of the nervous system are
Integrative, Motor, and Sensory
The nervous system
- Detects changes in the internal or external environment
- Controls the movement of muscles
- Integrates information from several sources and uses it to determine an appropriate response.
The supporting framework of the nervous system is composed of
Neuroglial Cells.
What is the purpose of the neuroglia?
To insulate, support, and protect neurons.
A neuron may have
one axon and many dendrites
The peripheral nervous system consists of
The cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Part of the nervous system that carries signals from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory Division
The functional connection between two neurons is a
Synapse
Which nervous system function carries impulses to the effectors?
Motor Function
Which nervous system carries information to the CNS?
Sensory Function
Which neuroglia support the ganglia in the PNS?
Satellite Cells
Which neuron structure transmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters at the synapse?
Axon
The cortex of the spinal cord is composed of what type of nervous tissue?
White matter
Olfactory and gustatory receptors are types of:
Chemoreceptors
Receptors for the general senses are found
widely distributed throughout the body
Another name for pain receptors
Nociceptor
The brain interprets input from sensory receptors as
Perception
A pole vaulter keeps track of his position in mid-air through
Proprioceptors
What stimulates Chemoreceptors, Pain receptors, and Thermoreceptors?
- Chemoreceptors: stimulated by changes in chemical concentrations
- Pain receptors- stimulated by damage to tissues
- Thermoreceptors- stimulated by temperature changes
Pain perceived as located in a body part other than the part stimulated is
Referred Pain
The ability to ignore your socks around your ankles demonstrates
sensory adaption
Man, that bathroom was a sack of farts! But, after a minute, I didn’t even notice it anymore. What happened?
Sensory Adaption
Receptors for the special senses are found
Primarily in the head
Which flavor can the taste buds sense, in addition to sweet, sour, bitter, and salty?
Umami
Which section of the brain contains the auditory area that interprets sound?
Temporal Lobe
T/F The sensation of taste is coupled with the sense of touch.
False. Taste is coupled with Smell
Which structure secretes tear?
Lacrimal Glands
Special sense structure mainly involved with vision:
Retina
Growth hormone (GH), prolactin hormone (PR), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) are all secreted by the ______.
Anterior Pituitary
“Endocrine” means
Internal Secretion
_____ glands are called ductless glands or glands of internal secretion because they deliver their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine
____ glands are those whose secretions must go through a duct to carry them to a body surface or target organ. Some of these glands include sweat, salivary, lacrimal and the pancreas.
Exocrine
The hormones produced by the hypothalamus (ADH and oxytocin) are stored in the
Posterior Pituitary Lobe
