BIO AAMC Qpack volume 1

Question 1

What happens to sodium in the Loop of Henle

Answer 1

The Loop of Henle is where sodium can be reabsorbed from the filtrate that is moving through the nephron

Question 2

What occurs when there is a massive influx of sodium in a neuron?

Answer 2

The massive influx of sodium through voltage gated ion channels causes the depolarization of the neuron that occurs during the action potential

Question 3

Does movement of the action potential down the axon depend on the sodium pump?

Answer 3

No, the movement of the action potential depends on the depolarization and repolarization of the membrane of the axon

Question 4

What direction do sodium pumps move sodium (into or out of the cell?)

Answer 4

Sodium pumps move sodium out of the cell

Question 5

What is the net production of ATP per glucose molecule in glycolysis

Answer 5

2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule are produced in glycolysis

Question 6

What is the result of proliferation?

Answer 6

Proliferation results in an increase in the number of cells

Question 7

What is a somatic cell?

Answer 7

A somatic cell is any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells

Question 8

What is a germ cell?

Answer 8

A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually

Question 9

What happens if an antibody becomes denatured?

Answer 9

If an antibody becomes denatured it will not function properly (this can occur due to the environmental pH)

Question 10

What is one way that cells can protect themselves from freezing?

Answer 10

If a cell is dehydrated it can protect itself from freezing

Question 11

What is a usual bodily response to hyperglycemia?

Answer 11

Hyperglycemia usually elicits insulin secretion and the suppression of glucagon

Question 12

What is included when referring to “extracellular fluid”?

Answer 12

Extracellular fluid includes the blood plasma and the lymph

Question 13

How can the anaerobic pathway produce energy?

Answer 13

Anaerobic metabolic pathways can produce energy without using oxygen in glycolysis

Question 14

Under normal conditions where is hemoglobin found?

Answer 14

Under normal conditions hemoglobin is carried in red blood cells and is not found in the plasma

Question 15

What is a reason that hemoglobin would be found in the blood plasma?

Answer 15

If a red blood cell were to rupture to lyse then the hemoglobin would be released into the plasma of the blood

Question 16

Cyclin proteins

Answer 16

Cyclin is a family of proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase enzymes (which are required for the synthesis of the cell cycle)

Question 17

Osteoclasts

Answer 17

Break down bone cells

Question 18

Osteoblasts

Answer 18

Are cells that form new bone

Question 19

What happens if there is insufficient vitamin D

Answer 19

Insufficient vitamin D activity would reduce the ability of the body to absorb ingested calcium from the small intestine

Question 20

What does parathyroid hormone promote?

Answer 20

Parathyroid hormone promotes the breakdown of bone tissue and causes the bones to become weak

Question 21

What does vitamin D do in the small intestine?

Answer 21

Activated vitamin D acts on the small intestine to stimulate absorption of calcium into the bloodstream

Question 22

What is a key factor that determines if two groups of animals are separate species?

Answer 22

One of the key factors that determines a species is the ability to successfully breed and produce fertile offspring

Question 23

What does Aldosterone stimulate?

Answer 23

Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 24

How would a decrease in blood Na+ levels affect blood volume and pressure?

Answer 24

Water passively flows towards Na+. With less Na+ in the blood there would be less water in the bloodstream. Less water in the blood stream would cause a decrease in blood volume and therefore a decrease in blood pressure as well.

Question 25

What are the organs involved in the human menstrual cycle?

Answer 25

The hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries

Question 26

What hormones are involed in the human menstrual cycle?

Answer 26

Gonadotropic hormones FHS and LH are released from the pituitary and estrogen and progesterone are released from the ovaries

Question 27

What is the corresponding DNA nucleotide to uridine?

Answer 27

The corresponding DNA nucleotide to uridine is thymine

Question 28

In a Eukaryote where is RNA manufactured?

Answer 28

RNA is manufactured in the nucleus from a DNA template

Question 29

Where are proteins packaged for export?

Answer 29

Golgi apparatus is where protiens are packaged for export - the Golgi apparatus does not take part in RNA synthesis

Question 30

What tissue is derived from embryonic mesoderm?

Answer 30

Circulatory, bone, and dermal

Question 31

Where does nervous tissue arise from in development?

Answer 31

Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm during development

Question 32

Do the electron transport chain and the krebs cycle require oxygen?

Answer 32

Yes oxygen is required by the electron transport chain and the krebs cycle