BIO AAMC Qpack volume 1 Flashcards
What happens to sodium in the Loop of Henle
The Loop of Henle is where sodium can be reabsorbed from the filtrate that is moving through the nephron
What occurs when there is a massive influx of sodium in a neuron?
The massive influx of sodium through voltage gated ion channels causes the depolarization of the neuron that occurs during the action potential
Does movement of the action potential down the axon depend on the sodium pump?
No, the movement of the action potential depends on the depolarization and repolarization of the membrane of the axon
What direction do sodium pumps move sodium (into or out of the cell?)
Sodium pumps move sodium out of the cell
What is the net production of ATP per glucose molecule in glycolysis
2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule are produced in glycolysis
What is the result of proliferation?
Proliferation results in an increase in the number of cells
What is a somatic cell?
A somatic cell is any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells
What is a germ cell?
A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually
What happens if an antibody becomes denatured?
If an antibody becomes denatured it will not function properly (this can occur due to the environmental pH)
What is one way that cells can protect themselves from freezing?
If a cell is dehydrated it can protect itself from freezing
What is a usual bodily response to hyperglycemia?
Hyperglycemia usually elicits insulin secretion and the suppression of glucagon
What is included when referring to “extracellular fluid”?
Extracellular fluid includes the blood plasma and the lymph
How can the anaerobic pathway produce energy?
Anaerobic metabolic pathways can produce energy without using oxygen in glycolysis
Under normal conditions where is hemoglobin found?
Under normal conditions hemoglobin is carried in red blood cells and is not found in the plasma
What is a reason that hemoglobin would be found in the blood plasma?
If a red blood cell were to rupture to lyse then the hemoglobin would be released into the plasma of the blood
Cyclin proteins
Cyclin is a family of proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase enzymes (which are required for the synthesis of the cell cycle)
Osteoclasts
Break down bone cells
Osteoblasts
Are cells that form new bone
What happens if there is insufficient vitamin D
Insufficient vitamin D activity would reduce the ability of the body to absorb ingested calcium from the small intestine
What does parathyroid hormone promote?
Parathyroid hormone promotes the breakdown of bone tissue and causes the bones to become weak
What does vitamin D do in the small intestine?
Activated vitamin D acts on the small intestine to stimulate absorption of calcium into the bloodstream
What is a key factor that determines if two groups of animals are separate species?
One of the key factors that determines a species is the ability to successfully breed and produce fertile offspring
What does Aldosterone stimulate?
Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys
How would a decrease in blood Na+ levels affect blood volume and pressure?
Water passively flows towards Na+. With less Na+ in the blood there would be less water in the bloodstream. Less water in the blood stream would cause a decrease in blood volume and therefore a decrease in blood pressure as well.
