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AAMC Qpacks > AAMC FLASHCARDS > Flashcards

AAMC FLASHCARDS

1
Q

How is the order of a reaction determined?

A

The order of a reaction is determined by adding the exponents

so if this is the rate law equation is k = [A]m[B]n and you wanted it to be a second order reaction m and n could both equal 1 or one could equal 0 and the other 2 (in turn adding to 2)

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2
Q

What is the solubility product constant (Ksp)?

A

The solubility product constant is the equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aquaous solution. It represents the level at which a solute dissolves in solution

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3
Q

If a solid is very soluble will the Ksp be high or low?

A

The more soluble a substance is, the higher the Ksp value

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4
Q

How do uncommon ions affect Ksp

A

Uncommon ions increase the Ksp value (uncommon ions are ions other than those involved in equilibrium)

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5
Q

What is the Ksp of this reaction:

aA(s) ⇔ cC(aq) + dD(aq)

A

To solve for Ksp it is necessary to take the molarities or concentrations of the products and multiply them. If there are coefficients in front of any of the products you rais the product to the coefficient as a power (as well as multiply the concentration by the coefficient)

Ksp = [cC]c [dD]d

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6
Q

What is the atomic number of nitrogen?

A

7

(there are 7 protons in its nucleus)

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7
Q

What determines the pH that a color change of an indicator will be observed at?

A

An indicator will change color over a specific pH range.

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8
Q

What is the equivalent of a faraday?

A

A faraday is equivalent to one mole of electric charge

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9
Q

When an molecule is reduced in a reaction does it have a high or a low electron affinity?

A

When an molecule is reduced it accepts an electron so it can be determined to have a high electron affinity

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10
Q

When does a substance boil?

A

A substance boils when enough heat has been supplied to overcome the intermolecular forces

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11
Q

What is the ideal gas law assumption about volume and does it always apply?

A

The ideal gas law makes the assumption that molecules have no volume. But when the pressure is increased to a very high value, the volume of the gas molecules is no longer negligible

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12
Q

What is the formula for the ideal gas law

A

PV = nRT

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13
Q

What is a characteristic of a good insulator but a poor conductor?

A

Electrons in a good insulator cannot easily move from one atom to another. In insulators, the valence electrons are tightly bound to their atoms and it takes a great amount of energy to free them from their atomic energy levels.

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14
Q

Formula for density

A

d = m/V

Density = Mass / Volume

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15
Q

What is the description of the orbital geometry of an sp3 hybridized atom?

A

An sp3 hybridized atom has four equivalent orbitals, making the geometry tetrahedral

Example of sp3 hybridized atoms:

  • C in CH4
  • N in :NH3 (because it has a lone pair)
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16
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.

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17
Q

What is the effective nuclear charge?

A

The effective nuclear charge is the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons

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18
Q

As atomic number increases in a horizontal row of the periodic table what happens to the effective nuclear charge?

A

As the number of protons increases (indicated by an increasing atomic number) the effective nuclear charge also increases

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19
Q

What is ionization energy?

A

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an element

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20
Q

A high effective nuclear charge means a (high/low) first ionization energy?

A

A high effective nuclear charge means a high first ionization energy

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21
Q

How do you find the molecular formula?

A

The molecular formula is determined by counting the number of atoms of different elements in the structure of a compound

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22
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The empircal formula of a compound is the simplest whole-number ratio of the moles of the elements in a compound

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23
Q

How is electron affinity measured?

A

Electron affinity is a measure of the tendency of an element to gain electrons

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24
Q

What is the periodic trend of electron affinity?

A

Electron affinity increasing moving from left to right along a period on the periodic table (increases towards halogens)

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25
Q

What group is Magnesium a part of on the periodic table?

A

Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal

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26
Q

In order for an oxidation-reduction reaction to occur spontaneously, the cell potential (Ecell°) for the net reaction must be_____

A

In order for an oxidation-reduction reaction to occur spontaneously, the cell potential (Ecell°) for the net reaction must be positive

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27
Q

How is the cell potential (Ecell°) found for a redox reaction?

A

The cell potential (Ecell°) can be found by subtracting the standard reduction potential Ered° for the substance being oxidized from that of the substance being reduced.

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28
Q

What does it mean if two atoms are isoelectric?

A

If two atoms are isoelectric it means that they have the same number of electrons

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29
Q

Will a lighter or a heavier molecule diffuse faster?

A

A ligher molecule will diffuse faster than a heavier molecule

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30
Q

What does Avogadro’s law state?

A

Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.

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31
Q

What determines the position of equilibrium in a reaction?

A

The position of equilibrium in a reaction is determined soley by the difference in free energy between products and reactants.

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32
Q

How does a catalyst affect the rate of the reaction?

A

A catalyst speeds up the reaction by lowering the reactions activation energy. The catalyst does nothing to effect the energies of the products and reactants and therefore cannot affect the equilibrium.

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33
Q

What happens when an ionic substance dissolves?

A

Whan an ionic substance dissolves it dissociates into its constituent ions

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34
Q

A substance that is likely to be more soluble in a strong acid is one that___

A

A substance that is likely to be more soluble in a strong acid is one that has a basic anion to react with the H+ ions in solution.

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35
Q

What is the purpose of an electrolytic cell?

A

An electrolytic cell drives a non-spontaneous reaction using electrical energy. In an electrolytic cell, electrons are driven in through the cathode and drawn out through the anode. The rate at which this occurs is the current.

36
Q

What happens if you increase the current flowing thorugh an electrolytic cell?

A

If you increase the current, the electrons are forced into the electrolytic cell faster. This increases the rate of reduction and therefore the rate of oxidation.

37
Q

How are peptides formed?

A

Peptides are formed when two amino acid residues are joined through a common amide linkage (aka a peptide bond)

38
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

A peptide bond is formed between the N-terminus of one amino acid residue and the C-terminus of another amino acid residue.

39
Q

What is the basic structure of a ketone?

A

RC(=O)R’

40
Q

What is the basic structure of an ester?

A

RC(=O)OR’

41
Q

What is the normal path of sperm movement from the male testis to the point of fertilization in the female is?

A

Epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra -> vagina -> cervix -> uterus -> fallopian tube

42
Q

What is the major function of hair on a mammal?

A

A major function of hair is to help mammals regulate body temperature by reducing the amount of heat lost to the environment. Hair provides insulation

43
Q

When muscles in the skin contract and cause the hair of an animal to “stand on end” the skin could be functioning as a regulator of?

A

Body temperature: When hair stands on end, trapping air within the layer of hair, its insulating abilities become even more effective.

44
Q

What is the most likely effect of a sharp rise in the level of serum albumin?

A

Albumin is the major blood osmoregulatory protein. A rise in albumin in the blood stream would increase the flow of interstitial fluid into the bloodstream. This influx of interstitial fluid would increase the blood pressure.

45
Q

How many spermatids result from a primary spermatocyte?

A

A primary spermatocyte, ater two meiotic divisions, produces four spermatids.

46
Q

How many chromosomes does each spermatid contain?

A

Each spermatid has 23 chromosomes (haploid). During spermatogenesis there are two cellular divisions but only one replication of DNA, which is why the four spermatids are haploid.

47
Q

How do transcription and translation occur in a prokaryote?

A

During prokaryotic protein synthesis, translation begins as soon as the newly synthesized mRNA strand begins to extend from the DNA strand.

48
Q

Where do transcription and translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotes localize the processes of transcription and translation in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively. Transcription of DNA into RNA occurs in the nucleus. The RNA is then transported to the cytoplams where ribosomes translate it into proteins.

49
Q

After the gall bladder is removed from a patient, the patient will most likely have reduced ability to digest…?

A

Fat: Bile (secreted from the gall bladder) acts as an emulsifier, facilitating fat digestion.

50
Q

What organ produces bile, what organ stores bile, and where is bile used in the body?

A

The Liver produces bile - The gall bladder stores bile - the gall bladder secretes bile into the small intestine as needed to digest fats.

51
Q

How do you calculate the probability of event A AND event B when they are independent events?

A

the probability of (A and B) = probability (A) * probability (B)

Multiply the probability of the individual events together to get the probability of both happening at the same time.

52
Q

What formula is used to determine the number of different possible gametes that can be formed by a diploid organism?

A

2n

When n is the haploid number of chromosomes

53
Q

What kind of refex is the knee-jerk refex an example of?

A

The knee-jerk reflex is a simple monosynaptic stretch reflex

54
Q

What is the complete pathway that a simple monosynaptic stretch reflex follows?

A

A monosynaptic stretch reflex provides direct communication between seneory and motor neurons.

So the pathway will be sensory neuron -> motor neuron.

55
Q

What does a codominant allele mean?

A

Codominance means that neither allele can mask the expression of the other allele.

56
Q

Synthesis of antibody proteins in eukaryotic cells is associated with what organelle?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Secreted proteins are translated by ribosomes attached to the rough ER (antibodies are secreted proteins).

57
Q

When does myosin bind to actin?

A

Myosin binds to actin during contraction and will remain bound until phosphorylated by ATP

58
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Myoglobin is the oxygen-binding pigment in muscle

59
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

p<sup>2</sup> = frequency of AA (homozygous dominant)
2pq = frequency of Aa (heterozygous)
q<sup>2</sup> = frequency of aa (homozygous recessive)
60
Q

How do you find the sum of the frequencies of the two alleles?

A

p + q = 1

p = the frequency of the dominant allele 
q = the frequency of the recessive allele
61
Q

What are the three germ layers formed during gastrulation?

A

The three germ layers formed in gastrulation are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

62
Q

What cells/ structures arise from the ectoderm?

A

The outerlayer (ectoderm) become the cells of the nervous system and the epidermis: The eyes and spinal cord are formed from the ectoderm.

63
Q

What cells/ structures arise from the endoderm?

A

Cells of the lining of the digestive tube come from the inner layer (endoderm): The liver comes from the endoderm.

64
Q

What cells/ structures arise from the mesoderm?

A

Blood cells, connective tissue, and several organ cells come from the middle layer (mesoderm): Bones, muscles, tendons, kidneys, heart and gonads are all structues that are formed from the mesoderm.

65
Q

What enzyme is required to convert RNA into DNA?

A

The enzyme reverse transcriptase is required to turn RNA into DNA: It is often used by viruses to reproduce in host cells by transcribing its viral RNA into the host DNA

66
Q

When does non-forced inspiration occur?

A

Non-forced inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and muscles between the ribs (intercostal muscles) contract.

67
Q

How does inspiration occur?

A

When the diaphragm flattens it increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the pressure presses against the inside of the lung tissue forcing it to conform to the thoracic wall (filling the pleural cavity = the space between the lung and thoracic wall), causing air to enter the expanded lungs.

68
Q

What are three ways to prevent the synthesis of a bacterial protein?

A

1) adding a repressor protein that binds to the operator site of the bacterial protein gene
2) Adding a specific complementary nucleic acid sequence that can bind to the mRNA trancribed from the protein gene
3) Adding a stop codon within the bacterial protein gene

69
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis is the process by which cells engulf extracellular material

70
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Macrophages specialize in endocytosis: They clear cell and tissue debris and foreign objects from the body.

71
Q

What do erythocytes specialize in?

A

Erythrocytes specialize in transport of oxygen

72
Q

What do osteoblast do?

A

Osteoblast form bone tissues (osteoBlasts Build). They actively secrete bone matrix.

73
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, desidned to transmit information to other nerve cells. Neurons secrete neurotransmitters by exocytosis

74
Q

What is the mitochondria involved in in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell are involved in cellular respiration

75
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The Golgi apparatus is involved in the processing and/or export of proteins.

76
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts to decrease urine output by increasing the water permeability of the walls of..?

A

Distal tubule and collecting duct: ADH acts on the distal tubule and the collecting duct to increase water permeability by the insertion of aquaporins in the plasma membrane.

77
Q

What is the affect of andtidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the loop of Henle?

A

Trick question: ADH does not exert its effects on the loop of Henle.

78
Q

Is the passage of fliud from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus a passive or active process?

A

The passage of fluid from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus is a passive process and depends mostly on the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerular capillaries.

79
Q

How is the secretion of epinephrine controlled?

A

Epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla and its secretion is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

80
Q

Where are the follwoing hormones secreted from: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

The anterior pituitary secretes ACTH, LH, and TSH

81
Q

he mineral component of human bone is a salt that consists primarily of what three things?

A

Calcium, phosphate, and hydroxyl groups

82
Q

What nucleotides make up RNA?

A

A, U, C, and G

83
Q

In studies of bystander intervention, which variable is typically found to be positively correlated with the time it takes for an individual to offer help in case of emergency?

A

The number of bystanders who witnessed the emergency: The more bystanders there are, the longer it takes for an individual bystander to offer help.

84
Q

Individuals with a self-serving bias attribute negative things to..?

A

Individuals experiencing self-serving bias attribute their own negative behaviors to situational variables

85
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

Actor-observer bias refers to the actor’s tendency to explain his/her own behaviors by situational factors whereas the observer tends to explain the actor’s behavior by internal stable traits.

86
Q
A

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