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Biology > Bio 94 Midterm 4 > Flashcards

Bio 94 Midterm 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of how organisms and the environment interact

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2
Q

What are the 5 levels of ecology?

A
  1. organisms
  2. populations
  3. communities
  4. ecosystems
  5. the globe
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3
Q

What is Organismal Ecology?

A

studies morphological, physiological, and behavioral ADAPTATIONS

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4
Q

What are Adaptations?

A

heritable traits that increase an individual’s fitness

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5
Q

What is Population Ecology?

A

studies number and distribution of individuals & pop. change over time

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6
Q

What is a Population?

A

a group of individuals of the same species, same area, same time

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7
Q

What is Community Ecology?

A

“food webs”/ interactions between species
eg. predation, parasitism, competition, natural disaster responses

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8
Q

What is Ecosystem Ecology?

A

studies ALL organisms and abiotic factors
eg. nutrient or energy pathways

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9
Q

What is Global Ecology?

A

studies everything encompassed by the biosphere, focusing on the effects of human impacts on the biosphere

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10
Q

What is a Niche?

A

the range of conditions a species can tolerate and resources it can use; product of abiotic & biotic factors

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11
Q

What are Fitness Trade-offs?

A

-evolutionary compromises between traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously
–> limits environmental conditions in which a species lives
eg. rocket commuter

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12
Q

What is Dispersal?

A

an organism’s movement from place of origin to the location where it lives and breeds as an adult

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13
Q

What is Weather?

A

short-term atmospheric conditions

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14
Q

What is Climate?

A

long-term weather conditions

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15
Q

Why are the tropics are warm and the poles are cold?

A

-angle of incidence of the sun
(tropics more concentrated, poles same amount of E over a larger distance–> weaker per sq ft)

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16
Q

What is the cause of the seasons?

A

the tilt of the Earth (southern hemisphere vs. northern hemisphere)

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17
Q

What is a Hadley Cell?

A

-air warms up at equator, rises, replaced by sunken cool air, forms a convection current

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18
Q

What area receives the most moisture?

A

the equator

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19
Q

What areas are the driest?

A

30° N/S latitude

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20
Q

What is the Coriolis effect?

A

the Earth’s rotation causes wind and ocean currents to deflect in a spiral pattern
eg. Westerlies & Northeast trade winds

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21
Q

Which direction does the Northern Hemisphere’s air and water currents flow?

A

CLOCKWISE; leftward deflection

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22
Q

Which direction does the Southern Hemisphere’s air and water currents flow?

A

counterclockwise; rightward deflection

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23
Q

What is a Rain Shadow?

A

when moist air blows up from a mountain range, cools and produces rain; cool, dry air passes over –> desert

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24
Q

How does a Rain Shadow affect climate?

A

can modify climate patterns

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25
Q

How do Oceans modify climate?

A

moderating effect due to high specific heat
1. absorb summer heat, release winter
2. coastal areas–> moderate climate
3. gyres (circulate warm & cool water)

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26
Q

What are biomes?

A

regions characterized by distinct abiotic characteristics and dominant vegetation types; determined by precipitation and temp.

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27
Q

NPP stands for

A

Net Primary Productivity: total biomass (organic matter available)

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28
Q

Arctic tundra

A

low precipitation, low temps.

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29
Q

Boreal forest

A

low precipitation, low temps.; presence of trees

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30
Q

Temperate forest

A

mid precipitation, higher temps.; presence of trees

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31
Q

Temperate grassland

A

mid precipitation, higher temps.

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32
Q

Desert and dry shrubland

A

low precipitation, high temps.

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33
Q

Tropical wet rainforest

A

high precipitation, constant temps., presence of trees

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34
Q

What are simulation studies?

A

computer models

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35
Q

What are observational studies?

A

long-term monitoring

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36
Q

What are historical studies?

A

historical events

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37
Q

Experiments

A

simulate changed climate conditions and record organisms’ responses

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38
Q

Tipping Points

A

cause abrupt changes in biomes
eg. Amazon rainforest–> grassland
(feedback loops–> stability–> effect on biodiversity)
-Very dangerous OR very good

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39
Q

Abiotic factors (aquatic biomes)

A
  1. Salinity
  2. Water depth (light)
  3. Water flow
  4. Nutrient availability
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40
Q

Coastal runoff

A

streams into estuaries into oceans; carry nutrients

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41
Q

Ocean upwelling

A

Coriolis forces (wind blows, surface water moves, filled by nutrient dense “under” water)

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42
Q

Lake turnover

A

seasonal mixing events caused by temperature gradients THERMOCLINE (winter-colder surface, summer- warmer surface)

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43
Q

Intertidal zone

A

submerged @ high tide, exposed @ low tide (extreme environment)

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44
Q

Neritic zone

A

continental shelf (coral reefs)- nutrient dense w/ sunlight

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45
Q

Oceanic zone

A

“open ocean” (deep water); nutrient scare, sunlight available

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46
Q

Benthic zone

A

bottom of the ocean (nutrient sink)

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47
Q

Photic zone

A

regions that are sunlit

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48
Q

Aphotic zone

A

areas that do not receive sunlight

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49
Q

Littoral zone

A

lake “seashore”; plants can rooT

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50
Q

Limnetic zone

A

lake, sunlight, too deep for plants to root

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51
Q

What is behavioral ecology?

A

under organismal, studies behavioral adaptations

52
Q

Proximate causation

A

aka mechanistic HOW ACTIONS OCCUR

53
Q

Ultimate causation

A

aka evolutionary, WHY ACTIONS OCCUR

54
Q

Optimal foraging

A

choosing what, how and when to eat (usually to avoid competition)

55
Q

Evolutionary Game Theory

A

behavioral strat of one player depends on how it perceives the behavior of others (in relation to others)

56
Q

promiscuity

A

each individual has multiple mates

57
Q

Intersexual selection

A

between sexes eg. peacocks

58
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

within a sex eg. rams

59
Q

Deceit

A

only works when it is relatively rare

60
Q

Altruism

A

a behavior where survival or reproduction is sacrificed for another’s gene to succeed

61
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

Br>C
if the benefit > cost then likely to engage in behavior (r=coefficient of relatedness)
more related—> more likely to benefit “your” genes

62
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

both direct and indirect fitness

63
Q

Direct fitness

A

from an individual’s own offspring

64
Q

Indirect fitness

A

derived from helping relatives; not your genes, but from your gene pool

65
Q

Kin selection

A

natural selection that acts through benefitting your relatives —> indirect fitness

66
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

“down payment” an exchange of fitness benefits separated in time

67
Q

Mutualism

A

cooperations between individual of different species

68
Q

metapopulation

A

populations of populations connected by migration

69
Q

what adds to a population?

A

births and immigration

70
Q

what subtracts from a population?

A

deaths and emigration

71
Q

age structure

A

number of individuals of each age; lots of young—> grow; lots of old—> decline

72
Q

Life table

A

probability that an individual will survive and reproduce at any given time

73
Q

fecundity

A

number of female offspring produced by each female in the pop.

74
Q

Type I curve

A

——|
| eg. humans

75
Q

Type II curve

A

\
\
\ eg. song birds (steady survivorship)

76
Q

Type III curve

A

\
\
———- eg. insects, plants
mortality early on, high survivorship once established

77
Q

r (population growth)

A

births—deaths

78
Q

When can exponential population growth occur?

A

when r does not change

79
Q

When does a population size stop changing?

A

1) deltaN=0 (doesn’t exist)
2) b=d (r=0) inviable
3) when k=N (@ carrying capacity)

80
Q

Discrete pop. growth equation

A

N(total)= N(0)r^t

81
Q

Continuous pop. growth equation

A

N(total)= N(0)e^rt

82
Q

exponential growth is density independent

A

population size does not limit growth rate

83
Q

When does exponential growth occur in nature?

A

1) colonization of a new habitat
2) recovery after a disaster

84
Q

Why do some populations crash?

A

overshoot (go over k), can degrade the environment

85
Q

Competition

A

use the same resources (-/-)

86
Q

consumption

A

(+/-)

87
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits, but the other is unaffected (+/0)
eg. epiphytic orchids

88
Q

Mutualism

A

mutual benefit (+/+)

89
Q

amenalism

A

(-/0) eg. stepping on a bug, OR tree shading grasses (blocks sun)

90
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

within a species

91
Q

Interspecific competition

A

between diff. species

92
Q

Niche overlap

A

—> competition, fundamental niche—> realized niche

93
Q

Compete niche

A

stronger competitor drives other to extinction

94
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

better competitor wins

95
Q

fundamental niche

A

theoretical range of conditions a species can tolerate

96
Q

realized niche

A

portion of fundamental niche the species actually occupies (what actually occurs)

97
Q

Niche differentiation—> character displacement

A

natural selection favoring one part of the niche—> can evolve to avoid competition of resources

98
Q

Types of consumption

A

1) Predation
2) Herbivory
3) Parasitism (endo, ecto, parasitic- free living as an adult, but lay eggs/larvae in host)

99
Q

succession

A

recovery after a severe disturbance

100
Q

Primary succession

A

grow back with nothing

101
Q

Secondary succession

A

some organic material left over

102
Q

What determines succession?

A

1) Dispersal (which species arrive first?)
2) Pioneering (which species thrive in disturbed/no soils?)
3) Community development (What happens to the composition as time passes?)

103
Q

Facilitation

A

occurs when early-arriving species make conditions favorable for later species

104
Q

4 nutrient cycles

A

water, phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon

105
Q

GPP

A

gross primary productivity; total chemical energy produced in a certain area

106
Q

NPP in deserts v coral reefs

A

low high

107
Q

NPP tropical wet forests (rain forests)

A

incredibly productive, modest amount of Earth’s surface

108
Q

NPP open ocean

A

low productivity, but occupy the majority of earth’s surface; largest share of NPP

109
Q

grazing food chain

A

primary consumers and those that eat primary consumers (herbivores—> predators)

110
Q

decomposer food chain

A

decomposer that feed on plant detritus

111
Q

Energy through trophich levels

A

decreases 90% (used for life of organism); only 10% transferred

112
Q

water table

A

upper limit of the underground layer of soil saturated with stores water

113
Q

nitrogen cycle is affected by

A

eutrophication (over fertilization)—> algae blooms and “dead zones”

114
Q

What is the major reservoir of nitrogen?

A

aquatic organisms and terrestrial

115
Q

Major reservoir of water

A

ocean

116
Q

major reservoir of carbon

A

ocean

117
Q

Fossil fuels are?

A

1) energy dense
2) easily burned to produce energy
3) accessible
4) CO2 waste product

118
Q

How to measure diversity?

A

1) Species diversity (richness/evenness)
2) Phylogenetic Diversity (across the tree of life)
3) Functional Diversity (roles eg. primary producer, decomposer, etc.)

119
Q

How does diversity affect NPP?

A

increased diversity, increases NPP

120
Q

How does species richness positively impact NPP?

A

1) increases resource use efficiency
2) facilitation
3) change inclusion of high-productivity species (increases chance to find highly successful organisms)

121
Q

Horizontal diversity

A

number of species in each trophic level

122
Q

Vertical diversity

A

number of trophic levels

123
Q

Diversity increases

A

resistance AND resilience
(how much resist getting knocked down)
(how quickly can return)

124
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

1) Provisional (food, medicines)
2) Regulating services
3) Cultural services
4) Supporting services

125
Q

Major Threats to Biodiversity

A

1) Habitat Destruction
2) Overexploitation
3) Invasive species/Disease
4) Pollution
5) Climate Change

126
Q

Conservation Strategies

A

1) Education campaigns
2) Ex situ conservation (captive breeding)
3) Genetic restoration (intro. gene flow)
4) Wildlife corridors (tunnels/bridges)
5) Seed bankers
6) Designating effective protected areas (national parks)
7) management plans for invasive species
8) Ecosystem restoration
9) Management plans for threatened species
10) Quantifying ecosystem services (tourism)

Biology (3 decks)

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