Bio 93 Lecture 27

Question 1

biotechnology

Answer 1

manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

Question 2

DNA technology

Answer 2

applications affect everything from agriculture, to criminal law and medical research

Question 3

Main techniques of biotechnology? (6)

Answer 3

-DNA sequencing
-Gene cloning
-PCR amplification
-Expressing genes
-Analyzing gene expression
-Gene editing

Question 4

Main applications of biotech? (5)

Answer 4

-Agriculture
-Medicine
-Environmental cleanup
-Ancestry
-Forensics

Question 5

Human Genome Project

Answer 5

(2007) sequencing of the entire Human Genome

Question 6

recombinant DNA

Answer 6

often combined IN VITRO (into the same DNA molecule)

Question 7

DNA Cloning

Answer 7

-uses plasmids in bacteria

Question 8

plasmids

Answer 8

small circular DNA that replicate separately from bacterial chromosome, shared between bacteria cells, used in DNA Cloning

Question 9

Why are plasmids used in cloning?

Answer 9

-readily obtained
-easily manipulated
-easily introduced into other bacterial cells
-rapidly multiply

Question 10

Process of cloning a gene

Answer 10

1) gene inserted into plasmid
2) plasmid put into recombinant bacterial cell
3) host cell grown in culture to “clone” gene of interest
4) proteins expressed & copies of gene extracted for application

Question 11

cloning vector

Answer 11

the original plasmid, can carry foreign DNA into a host cell & replicate it

Question 12

What cuts out the DNA?

Answer 12

restriction enzymes

Question 13

Why isn’t the bacteria’s own DNA cut?

Answer 13

methylated

Question 14

Where do restriction enzymes work?

Answer 14

Restriction sites

Question 15

What do restriction enzymes produce?

Answer 15

“sticky ends”

Question 16

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA cloning?

Answer 16

seals bonds between restriction fragments (binds sugar phosphate backbones)

Question 17

CRISPR stands for

Answer 17

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat

Question 18

What does cas9 do?

Answer 18

creates novel “spacer” from new viruses and adds to CRISPR

Question 19

What is cas9?

Answer 19

RNA-guided DNA endonuclease (guided by guide RNA- gRNA or crRNA)

Question 20

Genome editing

Answer 20

1) cas9 protein & guide RNA bind & introduce in cell
2) guide RNA binds to target gene
3) cas9 cuts DNA on both strands
4) broken strands are repaired (knocked our or switched our for a normal copy of the gene)

Question 21

What animal was cloned in 1997?

Answer 21

Dolly the sheep, suggested clones were not always identical to donor`

Question 22

Problems with animal cloning

Answer 22

• only a small number of embryos were viable
• many epigenetic changes

Question 23

stem cells

Answer 23

unspecialized, can reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into diff. cell types

Question 24

embryonic stem cells

Answer 24

–> all cell types

Question 25

adult stem cells

Answer 25

replace non-reproducing specialized cells (limited)

Question 26

pluripotent stem cells (IPS)

Answer 26

inserting the correct combination of transcription factors can reprogram cells back into stem cells, used to treat sickle cell disease