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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosynthesis facts

A 
Chloroplasts in eukaryotes
consumes CO2 + H2O
produces sugar + O2
Anabolic
Reduction of CO2 to sugar: 
C02+H20-->c6H12O6 +O2
Requires light + photopigments
Photoautotrophs only 
Overall consumption of ATP
Photolysis
Calvin Cycle
NADPH
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2
Q

Respiration Facts

A 
Mitochondria in eukaryotes
consumes CHO + O2
Produces ATP + CO2
catabolic
Oxidation of sugar to CO2
C6H12O6 +O2-->CO2+H2O
Requires carbohydrates 
All living organisms 
Overall production of ATP 
Glycolysis & citric acid cycle
Anaerobic & Aerobic
NADH + FADH2
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3
Q

What is another process by which energy can be acquired ?

A

Chemosynthesis

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4
Q

What is Chemosynthesis

A

Its the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absent of sunlight

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5
Q

Example of a Light independent Reaction

A

Calvin Benson Cycle: It occurs in the stroma, has three phases (Carbon fixation, Reduction & Regeneration of CO2 acceptor)

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6
Q

Describe the carbon cycle in the Calvin benson cycle

A

An input of CO2 is reduced to a 3-carbon sugar called G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) With by-products of ADP & NADP+ +P.

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7
Q

Carbon fixation in the calvin cycle

A

3 molecules enter the cycle one at a time & attaches to a 5-carbon sugar, RUBP (ribulose diphosphate, ctalyzed by rubisco. The 6- carbon sugar is short lived as it is very unstable & splits into 2 three carbon sugars

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8
Q

Distinguish between C3 & C4 plants

A

C3 plants: the bundle sheath cells do not contain chloroplasts.
C4 plants: the bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts.
C3: the carbon dioxide fixation takes place only at one place.
C4: the carbon dioxide fiction takes place twice

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9
Q

Where does the carbon dioxide fixation occur in C4 plants?

A

One occurs in the mesophyll cells & the second takes place in bundle sheath cells

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10
Q

Describe Glycolysis in cell respiration

A

Depending on whether there is oxygen present or not, will determine whether pyruvate will undergo aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation.
Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules
input of 2 ATP molecule yields 4 ATP(net 2 ATP) & 2 NADH

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11
Q

Anaerobic respiration & fermentation

A 
O2 Absent (doesn't need it) 
Happens in the cytoplasm
2 ATP for every glucose molecule 
Lactic acid is produced 
Frees up NAD+
Nitrogen & sulphur are final electron acceptors
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12
Q

Aerobic respiration

A 
KREBS CYCLE/CITRIC ACID CYCLE
O2 Present (needs it) 
38 Molecules of ATP
CO2 & water produced
Happens in cytoplasm & mitochondria
occurs in plant & animal cells
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13
Q

Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle

A

Input of 2 pyruvate molecules to yield 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH & 2 FADH2
CO2 is waste electrons from NADH & FADH2 drive electron transport chain

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14
Q

what is the Electron Transport chain

A

electron from kerbs cycle provide energy to proton pumps in inner membrane of mitochondria
proton pumps move H+ ions from mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space creating an H+ gradient
H+ moves through diffusion ATP Synthase
ATP synthase converts ADP +Pi to ATP through process of chemiosmosis to yield about 28 ATP

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15
Q

How much ATP does the entire process of cell respiration produce

A

32 ATP
2 for glycolysis
2 from Krebs cycle
28 from Electron transport chain

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16
Q

what are Chromosomes

A

they are the vehicle by which hereditary information is physically transmitted from one generation to the next
each chromes carries a linear sequences of genes, the units of hereditary info that given the development phenotype

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17
Q

What are diploid organisms

A

they have two chromosome sets, one from each parent,
one gene for a given trait resides on chromosomes derived from one parent & its allelic partner resides on the homologous chromosome derived from the other parent.

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18
Q

What happens to homologous chromosomes during meiosis

A

Each member becomes separated from the the other, then is assorted into gametes. Whole chromosomes are assorted independently of one another there can be different combination of chromosomes from both parents in different gametes.

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19
Q

What happens to a homologous pair during Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes exchange parts as a result of crossing over.

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20
Q

what is a a structural change a chromosome can go through (mutations)

A

deletions
duplications
inversions
translocation

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21
Q

Describe Structure & function of a chromosome

A

A chromosome is a DNA molecule with a threadlike structure of nucleic acids & protein found in the nucleus of most living cells

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22
Q

Define Karyotype

A

an ordered display of chromosome of a diploid cell.
Human somatic cells have 23 pairs
22 homologous pairs (autosomal chromosome)
the 23rd pair is the sex chromosome
sex chromosome of male is not homologous (XY)

23
Q

What is a mutation

A

chromosome mutation that results in individuals with more than one haploid set of chromosomes in a cell is termed polyploid

24
Q

what is deletion

A

the breakage of a chromosome in which the genetic material becomes lost during cell division. the genetic material can break off from anywhere on the chromosome.

25
Q

when does duplication occur

A

produced when extra copies of genes are generated on a chromosome

26
Q

what happens in inversion

A

the broken chromosome segment is reversed & inserted back into the chromosome.
pericentric inversion: inversion encompasses the centromere of the chromosome
paracentric inversion: if it involves the long or short arm of the chromes & does not include centromere

27
Q

Translocation

A

joining of a fragmented chromosome to a non homologous chromosome

28
Q

Trisomy

A

is a chromosomal disorder characterized by an assertional chromosome so the person will gave 47 instead of 46. (Down syndrome)

29
Q

Polyploidy

A

is a heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes. common among plants & certain group of fish

30
Q

DNA replication requires..

A

unwinding
construction
coupling
proofreading enzymes

31
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

the chromosomes condense, divide, & are separated into two sets, one for each daughter cell

32
Q

Haploid cell

A

Have only one copy of each chromosome representing the basic genetic complement. Also called gametes (n)

33
Q

diploid cells

A

Have two copies of each chromosome (2n)

34
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

a diploid cell is converted into several haploid cells, 2 successive cell divisions take place.

35
Q

Explain how DNA replication is bidirectional

A

it proceeds in 2 directions at the same time from one or more origins
only one origin exists in prokaryotic DNA
thousands exist in eukaryotic DNA

36
Q

What is the replication fork

A

is the limited v-shaped region where the enzymes unzip the parent molecule & simultaneously assemble new DNA on the exposed regions of the parent strand

37
Q

What is DNA polymerase

A

functions to bind complementary base pairs to parent strand to produce 2 new daughter strands

38
Q

Describe cytokinesis in animal cells

A

cells develop a cleavage furrow & contractile ring

39
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plant cells

A

golgi vesicles creare a cell plate

40
Q

define genes

A

distinct units of heredity, they are the physical basis for all traits of an individual

41
Q

define locus

A

a particular location on the chromosome, each gene has its own locus

42
Q

define allele

A

the alternative form where a gene for any given trait may occur

43
Q

define gene pair

A

two alleles at a given locus constitute a gene pair

44
Q

homozygote

A

when the two alleles of a gene pair are identical (AA, aa)

45
Q

heterozygote

A

when the two alleles of a gene are NOT identical (Aa)

46
Q

distinguish between dominant & receive trait

A

dominant trait is one that is observable in heterozygotes

recessive trait is one that is observable only in homozygous

47
Q

distinguish between genotype & phenotype

A

genotype refers to an individuals genetic makeup, may mean a single gene pair or the sum total of genes in an individual
phenotype refers to an individuals observable traits (structure, physiology, behaviour)

48
Q

describe a punnett square

A

visual representation used to determine a hypothetical offspring phenotype & genotype ratio

49
Q

describe a codominant allele

A

the two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate & distinguishable ways where the phenotypes of both alleles are expressed & visible

50
Q

2 Main principles of Mendels inheritance

A

Principle of Segregation

Principle of Independent assortment

51
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

segregation of alleles occurring in anaphase I leaves each chromosome with one allele from a parent to the opposite side of the centrosomes

52
Q

Principle of Independent assortment

A

describes the behaviour of the homologous pairs aligning at the metaphase plate with no association relative to other pairs

53
Q

what is rNA

A

Ribosomal nucleic acid- functions to transcribe genetic material from DNA

54
Q

Describe Transcription

A

occurs in the nucleus, begins where RNA polymerase binds itself to the promoter (codon that begins initiation) & unwinds the DNA strands

Biology 300 (2 decks)

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