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Biology 300 > Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences Final > Flashcards

Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the ocean

A

Vast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of earths surface

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2
Q

Name the 5 oceans

A
  1. Southern Ocean
  2. Atlantic Ocean
  3. Pacific Ocean
  4. Indian Ocean
  5. Arctic ocean
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3
Q

What percent of earths surface is water?

what percent of earths surface is land?

A

71% Ocean

29% land

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4
Q

What is the ratio of Ocean to Land in Northern hemisphere & southern hemisphere ?

A

Northern Hemisphere–> 1.5:1

Southern hemisphere–> 4:1

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5
Q

97 % of earths water is found in…

A

the ocean

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6
Q

2.5% of earths water is found in….

A

Land ice, ground water, Lakes & rivers

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7
Q

Percentage of ocean area for Pacific, Atlantic & indian ocean

A

Pacific–> 46%
Atlantic–> 23%
Indian–> 20%

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8
Q

What is the average ocean depth & the max ocean depth

A

Average: 3,682m
Max: 11,000m (at mariana trench)

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9
Q

What is Salinity ?

A

The concentration of dissolved solids in seawater (g/kg or ppt)

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10
Q

What is the average seawater salinity

A

3.5% OR 35 grams of salt per kg (later) of seawater

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11
Q

Which is more dense; cold salty water or warm less salty water ?

A

Cold Salty Water

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12
Q

Why is seawater 2% - 3% heavier than pure water?

A

its due to the dissolved salts, density of seawater is between 1.02 - 1.03 g/cm cubed which is > 1.00g/cm cubed of pure water

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13
Q

How is the ocean stratified (arranged) and what does it depend on ?

A

Ocean is stratified by density, which is due to Temperature & salinity

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14
Q

How does Seawaters density INCREASE?

A

increases by the increase of salinity & pressure AND decreasing temperature

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

2 or more seawater samples can have the same density with different combination of temperature & salinity

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What is the principle of Constant Proportions?

A

Although the salinity of the seawater may vary with location, the ratio of dissolved solids (% of salts) remains constant

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17
Q

What goes in, must come out….

A

the ocean is in chemical equilibrium

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18
Q

How is salinity calculated?

A

its calculated by using seawaters conductivity, which depends on concentration, mobility of ions & water temperature

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19
Q

why is heating the seawater & measuring the residual salts not a good way to calculate salinity ?

A

because in certain types of salts water molecules do not evaporate completely & some of them do.

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20
Q

What is a salinometer ?

A

device that measures the salinity by passing electric current through a mass of water, measuring its conductivity then converts it to salinity

21
Q

What are the 3 zones of Stratification ?

A
  1. Surface/mixed Layer
  2. Pycnocline Layer
  3. Deep Layer
22
Q

Characteristics of the surface/mixed layer Zone

A

Well mixed layer
LEAST dense
Temperature & salinity constant due to waves & currents
depth –> varies from 150m - 1000m

23
Q

Characteristics of Pycnocline layer zone

A

pycnocline meaning strong slope
temperature DECREASES rapidly with depth
density INCREASES with depth due to decrease in temp

24
Q

What is the thermocline (in pycnocline layer)

A

major factor to form the pycnocline layer
mainly forms in the mid to low latitude
LOW SALINITY (precipitation > evaporation)

25
Q

What is the Halocline (in pycnocline layer)

A

factor that produces (along with thermocline) a pronounced pycnocline
High precipitation region or river-runoff mixes with coastal region, salinity rapidly changes

26
Q

Characteristics of Deep Zone Layer

A

Below 1,000m in mid latitude
very cold water (-1 to -3 degree C)
very little change in density
contains about 80% of ocean water

27
Q

What are colligative properties ?

A

properties of a solution, depend on concentration, the more concentration the stronger the impact

28
Q

How are heat capacity & salinity related

A

as salinity increases, heat capacity decreases

BECAUSE: less amount of heat is required to raise the temperature of seawater by 1 degree than freshwater.

29
Q

How are freezing point & salinity related

A

as salinity increases, freezing point decreases

BECAUSE: salts act as an antifreeze, sea ice forms at lower temp

30
Q

How are Evaporation and salinity related

A

as salinity increases, evaporation decreases as dissolved salts attract water molecules

31
Q

How are osmotic pressure & salinity related

A

as salinity increases osmotic pressure increases

32
Q

does cold/hot water hold more gas in solution ?

A

COLD

33
Q

which is the most abundant gas in seawater (& percentage)

A

Nitrogen–> 48%

34
Q

what percentage of oxygen is present in seawater & how much is dissolved in 1 L

A

36%

6mg of oxygen is dissolved in 1L

35
Q

what Percentage is CO2

A

15%
very soluble in water
forms carbonic acid, bicarbonate & carbonate with water

36
Q

what do marine organisms use calcium carbonate for?

A

to build shells & skeletons & form sediments & limestone rocks when they die

37
Q

TRUE/FALSE

CO2 moves quickly from the atmosphere to the ocean & slowly from the ocean to the atmosphere

A

TRUE

sediments dissolve & re-form CO2 & can enter the atmosphere

38
Q

Why is there an abundance of oxygen at the surface of the seawater?

A

due to photosynthesis

39
Q

What causes the oxygen to decrease when the depth increases

A

due to respiration

40
Q

Whats the ph of seawater at the surface & deep layer and why

A

Surface: pH is high due to warmer water & photosynthesis
Deep layer: pH is lower due to more CO2 (from respiration & decay of dead matter) & no photosynthesis

41
Q

what drives ocean circulations ?

A

winds & differences in water density

42
Q

What two factors distribute tropical heat world wide?

A

ocean currents & winds

43
Q

Two types of currents

A
  1. Surface currents

2. Thermohaline currents

44
Q

Define Surface currents

A

movements driven by wind friction of water near surface
water flows horizontally in the upper 400m.
happens above pycnocline layer

45
Q

Define Thermohaline currents

A

slow deep currents that affect the seawater circulation

46
Q

how much of the oceans water is influenced by surface currents? & what is the primary force driving them

A

10%

wind

47
Q

define Gyre

A

periphery of ocean basins which the surface currents flow around

48
Q

how does water move in the northern & southern hemisphere gyres

A

Northern hemisphere gyre: clockwise

Southern hemisphere gyre: counterclockwise

49
Q

in what direction does surface water layer move in northern & southern hemisphere & at what angle ?

A

BOTH 45 degree angle
Northern hemisphere: RIGHT
Southern hem: LEFT

Biology 300 (2 decks)

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