Bio #6 Flashcards
1
Q
the right lung has _____ lobes while the left lung has ___ lobes
A
3
2
2
Q
anatomy: ribs make up the ______, diaphragm makes up the _____
A
walls
floor
whole room is thorax
3
Q
filters in the nose
A
nose hairs: large particles
nose mucus: small molecules
4
Q
bronchus vs. bronchi
A
bronchus: 1
bronchi: >1
5
Q
alveoli vs. alveolus
A
alveoli: >1
alveolus: 1
6
Q
diaphragm contracts during _____
A
inhalation
7
Q
inhaling vs. exhaling
A
volume increase, diaphragm contracts, alveoli stretch open
decrease volume, diaphragm relaxes, alveoli recoil
8
Q
breathing heavily can aid with ______
A
thermoregulation
breathing in cooler air than you are breathing out (dogs panting)
9
Q
thoracic cavity
A
location of the lungs that is designed to perform breathing
10
Q
nares
A
nostrils, external part of the nose where air enters the respiratory tract
11
Q
vibrissae
A
mucous membranes and nasal hairs that are located in the nasal cavity and filter air.
12
Q
pharynx
A
behind the nasal cavity at the back of the mouth, common pathway for air destined for the lungs and food destined for the esophagus.
13
Q
larynx
A
: located below the pharynx (only pathway for air)
o The opening of the larynx, the glottis, which is covered by the epiglottis, keeps food out of the larynx during swallowing.
o Contains two vocal cords which are controlled by skeletal muscle and cartilage.
14
Q
trachea
A
after the larynx
start of the lower respiratory tract
15
Q
bronchi
A
left and right after the trachea
16
Q
bronchioles
A
divisions of bronchi
17
Q
alveoli
A
gas exchange occurs
o Branching and minute size allow for large surface area for gas exchange.
18
Q
surfactant
A
coats each alveolus, a detergent which lowers surface tension and prevents the alveolus from collapsing on itself.
19
Q
the vocal cords are located in the ____-
A
larynx
20
Q
what pathway is shared by the digestive tract and respiratory tract in the back of the mouth?
A
pharynx
21
Q
Trachea and Bronchi contain _____ to catch stuff that made it past the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth.
A
ciliated epithelial cells
22
Q
what is the pathway that air travels into the body
A
Respiratory Tract: Nares nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi (in lungs) bronchioles alveoli
23
Q
along with the lungs in the thoracic cavity is the _____
A
heart
24
Q
pleurae
A
membranes that surround each lung (visceral pleura, intrapleural space, parietal pleura)
The intrapleural space contains a thin layer of fluid which lubricates the other surfaces (it is a potential space, can be filled which is bad).
Pressure differentials across the pleura drive breathing.
25
interior to exterior of lungs
o Lungs (interior) visceral pleura intrapleural space parietal pleura chest wall (exterior)
26
diaphragm
skeletal muscle that helps to create negative pressure for lung expansion. It is a thin, muscular structure that divides the thoracic (chest) cavity from the abdominal cavity. Under somatic control.
o Can contract, which makes it flatter and wider.
27
contracting the diaphragm makes it ____
flatter and wider
28
external intercostal muscles
one of the layers of muscles between the ribs
expand the thoracic cavity
29
breathing
• The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (one of the layers of muscles between the ribs) expand the thoracic cavity.
• Intrathoracic volume: volume of the chest cavity
• Diaphragm flattens chest wall expands intrathoracic volume increases
• Negative-pressure breathing: the intrapleural space volume increases, decreasing its pressure. It is lower pressure than in the lungs so the lungs will expand into this space. The pressure in the lungs then drops and air will be sucked in from a higher-pressure environment (the outside world).
• Exhalation: relies on the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to reverse the process.
• Internal intercostal muscles: pull the rib cage down and decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity.
o Expiration in calm states is specifically due to elastic recoil of the lungs.
• Avoidance of collapse during exhalation: due to indirect connection of the lungs to the chest wall and for alveoli it’s due to surfactant.
30
intrathoracic volume
volume of the chest cavity
31
what happens when you breath in
• Diaphragm flattens chest wall expands intrathoracic volume increases
32
negative pressure breathing
the intrapleural space volume increases, decreasing its pressure. It is lower pressure than in the lungs so the lungs will expand into this space. The pressure in the lungs then drops and air will be sucked in from a higher-pressure environment (the outside world).
33
internal intercostal muscles
one of the layers of muscles between the ribs
pull the rib cage down and decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity.
o Expiration in calm states is specifically due to elastic recoil of the lungs.
34
spirometer
used to measure lung capacity and volume.
o Cannot measure the amount of air remaining in the lungs after complete exhalation (so it cannot measure residual volume or total lung capacity)
35
Total lung capacity (TLC)
the maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely; usually around 6-7 L
36
Residual volume (RV)
the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely
37
Vital capacity (VC)
the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs (TLC-RV)
38
Tidal volume (TV)
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
39
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
40
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the volume of additional air that can be forcible inhaled after a normal inhalation.
41
what happens with a stiff lung
o Decrease total lung capacity and inspiratory reserve volume
o Decrease residual volume
42
what happens when decreased recoil of lung tissue
o Increased total lung capacity
o Decreased gas exchange
o Increase residual volume
43
regulation of breathing
• Ventilation center: collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that controls ventilation
o These neurons contain chemoreceptors that are sensitive to both CO2 and oxygen (mostly CO2)
o Hypercarbia or hypercapnia: high concentration of CO2 in the blood respiratory rate increases
• If blood CO2 is too low, the body slows breathing, slows the respiratory rate.
44
ventilation center
• Ventilation center: collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that controls ventilation
o These neurons contain chemoreceptors that are sensitive to both CO2 and oxygen (mostly CO2)
o Hypercarbia or hypercapnia: high concentration of CO2 in the blood respiratory rate increases
45
hypercarbia or hypercapnia
too much CO2 in the blood, detected by the medulla oblongata
46
the lungs are involved in what four functions of the body
breathing, thermoregulation, controlling blood pH, and serve an immune function.
47
gas exchange
• Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries which transport oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the heart.
• Pulmonary arteries: location where deoxygenated blood exits from the right ventricle of the heart.
• Pulmonary veins: location where oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart
• Gradient allows for gas exchange between the lungs and blood.
• O2 goes from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries where it binds hemoglobin for transport. CO2 goes from the capillaries to the alveoli for expiration.
• Hypoxia: tissue deprived of oxygen.
• High altitude results in:
o Lower oxygen levels so faster breathing
o Binding dynamics of hemoglobin change (normally in low CO2, binding to O2 would be tighter so this must be countered)
o Short term: body makes more red blood cells to ensure delivery of O2. Long term: body develops more blood vessels (vascularization)
• No gas exchange can occur if mucus has built up or if there are a lot of inflammatory cells.
48
pulmonary arteries
location where deoxygenated blood exits from the right ventricle of the heart.
49
pulmonary veins
: location where oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart
50
a _____ allows for gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
gradient
51
a _____ allows for gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
gradient
52
hypoxia
tissue deprived of oxygen.
53
what happens between the alveoli and the capillaries
• O2 goes from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries where it binds hemoglobin for transport. CO2 goes from the capillaries to the alveoli for expiration.
54
what happens at high altitude
o Lower oxygen levels so faster breathing
o Binding dynamics of hemoglobin change (normally in low CO2, binding to O2 would be tighter so this must be countered and allow for release of O2)
o Short term: body makes more red blood cells to ensure delivery of O2. Long term: body develops more blood vessels (vascularization) to deliver oxygen
55
less gas exchange can occur if ____
• No gas exchange can occur if mucus has built up or if there are a lot of inflammatory cells.
56
thermoregulation
the regulation of body temperature
57
Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
widening or constricting of blood vessels. As blood vessels expand, more blood can pass through and more thermal energy is dissipated and vice versa.
o Nasal and tracheal capillaries are most frequently used for this.
58
panting
transfer of heat to the environment through evaporation of water in mucous secretions.
59
immune function
Immune Function
• The first line of defense is the nasal cavity: small hairs called vibrissae trap invaders. The nasal cavity also contains lysozyme which attacks gram-positive bacteria.
• Mucociliary escalator: mucus lines the internal airways. Mucus traps invaders and underlying cilia propel the mucus up the respiratory tract to the oral cavity swallowed or expelled.
• The lungs, especially alveoli, contain macrophages: engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the immune system.
• Also contain IgA antibodies
• Mast cells: have pre-formed antibodies on their surface. When correct substance attaches, releases chemicals that initiate an immune response also allergies
60
mucociliary escalator
mucus lines the internal airways. Mucus traps invaders and underlying cilia propel the mucus up the respiratory tract to the oral cavity swallowed or expelled.
61
macrophages in lungs
macrophages: engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the immune system.
62
mast cells
have pre-formed antibodies on their surface. When correct substance attaches, releases chemicals that initiate an immune response also cause allergies
63
acidemia
pH is lower and hydrogen ion concentration is higher
Increase respiratory rate if increase in H+ or CO2.
• Blowing off more CO2 shifts the buffer to the left which reduces the amount of H+ in the system.
64
alkalemia
pH is higher
| Lower respiratory rate to mitigate this.
65
the _____ can also compensate for alkalemia but it takes awhile
kidneys
66
fibrosis
increased scar tissue
67
hypertension
high blood pressure
68
what roles do the nose and mouth play during inhalation?
they remove dirt and particulate matter from the air before warming and humidifying it before it reaches the lungs.
69
what happens to air in the nasal cavity?
it is filtered by mucous membranes and nasal hairs (vibrissae)
70
the bronchi and trachea contain _______ to catch material that has made it past the mucous membranes in the nose and mouth
ciliated epithelial cells
71
the branching and minute size of the alveoli allow for an exceptionally large ______ for gas exchange
surface area
72
why does the left lung have an indent?
it is due to the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity
73
the diaphragm divides the ____ cavity from the ____ cavity
thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
74
what is used to expand the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
75
what is the ideal gas law that dictates negative pressure breathing?
Boyle's Law: P1V1=P2V2
76
during inhalation, the diaphragm ______ which means it _____
contracts
| flattens
77
how can exhalation be increased
by using the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles to pull the rib cage down and push air out
78
compare the internal intercostal muscles and the external intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles: inhalation
| internal intercostal muscles: exhalation
79
what part of the brain controls rhythmic breathing
medulla oblongata
80
breathing is triggered by _______ that are primarily sensitive to _______
chemoreceptors
| carbon dioxide
81
what is it called when there is excess carbon dioxide in the blood? Too little oxygen?
hypercarbia or hypercapnia
| hypoxemia
82
what muscles are used during inhalation and exhalation?
inhalation: diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
(labored breathing also uses muscles in the neck, back, and chest)
exhalation: recoil of the above muscles as well as for labored exhalation the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
83
to raise CO2 levels in the blood, the brain ______ the respiratory rate
slows
84
what are the many functions of the lungs
respiration
thermoregulation
immune function
control of blood pH
85
the capillaries bring _____ from the _____ where it is dropped off at the alveoli. The alveoli supply ______ which returns to the heart via the _______
deoxygenated blood, pulmonary artery
| oxygenated blood, pulmonary vein
86
what are some causes of hypoxia?
fibrosis or scarring of the membrane between the alveolus and the capillary
limitation of ventilation (gas flow) or perfusion (blood flow)
87
is there any energy required for gas transfer in the lungs?
no, because of the concentration gradient.
88
how do vasodilation and vasoconstriction contribute to thermoregulation?
vasodilation: more blood flow, more loss of thermal energy
vasoconstriction: less blood flow, less loss of thermal energy
89
in addition to vasodilation, how does the respiratory system lose heat
mucous secretions (panting for dogs)
90
the lungs are highly ____
vascular
91
antibodies from _____ initiate allergic reactions in which ____
mast cells
| inflammatory chemicals are produced
92
draw the bicarbonate buffer system
CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-
93
what is it called when the pH is too low in the blood?
acidemia
94
what triggers in increases respiration due to pH?
chemosensors just outside the blood brain barrier sense the high H+ concentration and respiratory centers in the brain (medulla oblongata) sense the high CO2 concentrations
95
what is it called when the blood is too basic
alkalemia
96
how thick is the membrane between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?
one cell thick
97
______ in the nasal cavity and saliva attacks ____ of ____ bacteria
lysozyme
peptidoglycan walls
gram positive
98
what role does the residual volume play?
it prevents the alveoli from collapsing
99
the interpleural space is a ______ space
potential
100
mucus and liquid completely _______ air exchange
eliminates/prevents
