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Biology A2 > Bio 5: Responding to the environment > Flashcards

Bio 5: Responding to the environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Tropism

A

Directional growth response in which the direct if the response is determined by the direction of the external stimulus

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2
Q

Plant growth regulators

A

Travel by active transport, diffusion, mass flow in phloem sap, or xylem vessels

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3
Q

Auxin

A

Promote: cell elongation
Increase wall stretchiness, hydrogen ion into cell wall promoted, lowers pH, expansins loosen walls, making them less rigid, allows water to expand.
Inhibit: growth of side shoots, leaf abscission

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4
Q

Cytokinins

A

Promote: cell division
Inhibits: senescence

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5
Q

Gibberellins

A

Promote: seed germination, growth of stems

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6
Q

Abscisic acid

A

Promotes: stomatal closure when stressed
Inhibits: seed germination and growth

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7
Q

Ethene

A

Promotes: fruit ripening

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8
Q

Apical meristems

A

Located at tips or apices of roots and shoots

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9
Q

Lateral bud meristems

A

Found in buds, give rise to side shoots

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10
Q

Lateral meristems

A

Found in a cyclinder near the outside of roots and shoots, responsible for widening

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11
Q

Intercalary meristems

A

Located between nodes

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12
Q

Apical dominance

A

Breaking the apex of a plant off, it starts to grow side branches from the lateral buds.
Abscisic acid inhibits bud growth, high auxin keeps abscisic acid high, when cut off auxin drops, and so does abscsic acid, Buds grow
Cytokinins promote bud growth, auxin makes shoot a sink, causing it all to go there, no auxin, spreads cytokinins more evenly.

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13
Q

Commercial uses: Auxins

A
  • Encourages root growth
  • Treating unpollinated plants can cause growth of seedless fruit
  • Herbicides to kill weeds
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14
Q

Commercial uses: Gibberellins

A
  • Delay senescence in citrus, extending life
  • Elongate apples
  • Grows grape stalks, allowing bigger grapes
  • Speeds up starch into maltose for beer
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15
Q

Commercial uses: Cytokinins

A
  • Delay senescence in leaves

- Tissue culture for mass production

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16
Q

Commercial uses: Ethene

A
  • Speed up ripening

- Promotes fruit drop

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17
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain. Responsible for thought, imagination and reasoning.

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18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls coordination of movement and posture

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands

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20
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls the action of the smooth muscle in the gut wall and controls breathing movements and heart rate.

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21
Q

Motor area

A

Involved in planning, control and executing voluntary movements

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22
Q

Sensory area

A

Any sensory process, for example touch or sight

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23
Q

Parietal lobe

A

One of four major lobes. Controls skin sensory (pain, temperature and touch)

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24
Q

Occipital lobe

A

One of four major lobes. Visual processing centre

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25
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Area in the left hemisphere of the temporal lobe, which is involved in speak comprehension

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26
Q

Broca’s area

A

Region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere and is linked with speech production

27
Q

Temporal lobe

A

One of four major lobes. Language comprehension, emotional responses and visual memories

28
Q

Frontal lobe

A

One of four major lobes. Voluntary movement, predicting, consequences, good and bad , and similarities and differences.

29
Q

Limbic system

A

Involved with instinct and mood. Controls basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring)

30
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Somatic motor neurones carry impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle, which are under voluntary control.
Most are myelinated.

31
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Autonomic motor neurones carry impulses from the CNS to the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle in the gut and glands. This is involuntary.
Most aren’t myelinated.
Parasympathetic and sympathetic.

32
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Most active in sleep and relaxation
Linked with ganglion with target tissue, vary in length
Post ganglionic neurones secrete acetylcholine
Effects: decreased heart rate, pupil constriction, decreased ventilation rate, sexual arousal

33
Q

Sympathetic

A

Most active in times of stress
Linked with ganglion outside spinal cord, very short
Post ganglionic neurones secrete noradrenaline
Effects: increased heart rate, pupil dilation, increased ventilation, orgasm

34
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A

Muscles working in pairs opposite to each other

35
Q

Cartiliage

A

Pads where bones meet reduce friction as bones move

36
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Produces synovial fluid

37
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubricates the joint

38
Q

Ligament

A

Holds bones together to prevent dislocation

39
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Specialised synapse between the end of the motor neurone and the muscle fibre membrane adjacent to it

40
Q

Myosin

A

The protein that forms the thick filament in muscle cells. This protein has head groups that form the cross bridges associated with muscular contraction

41
Q

Actin

A

A protein found in muscle cells. It is the main component of the thin filaments.
Tropomyosin coils around actin, reinforcing it.
Troponin attaches to Tropomyosin.

42
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

  • Wall of intestines: peristalsis (moves food along intestine)
  • Iris of the eye: Controls light entering eye
  • Walls of arterioles, uterus: regulation of blood pressure
43
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Atrial muscle, ventricular muscle and specialised excitatory and conductive muscle.
Made of made individual cells collected in rows, intercalated discs, action potentials and ions diffuse easily

44
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscle cells form fibres of around 100um in diameter, with several nuclei. Each fibre is surrounded by sarcolemma, a cell surface membrane.
It has many mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, number of myofibrils

45
Q

Troponin

A

Three polypeptides

  • One binds to actin
  • One binds to tropomyosin
  • One binds to calcium ions
46
Q

Power stroke

A
  • myosin head attaches to actin forming a cross bridge
  • head group bends, causing thin filament to be pulled. ADP and P are released
  • Cross bridge is broken, ATP attaches to myosin head
  • Head moves backwards as ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and P. Now it can repeat along.
47
Q

Calcium and muscles

A

Action potential arrives.
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Diffuse through sarcoplas, bind with troponin
Changes troponins shape, moving tropomyosin away from binding site.
Allows a cross bridge to form

48
Q

Maintenance of ATP

A
  • Aerobic respiration in muscle cells
  • Anaerobic respiration in muscle sarcoplasm
  • Transfer from creatine phosphate, phosphate group can be used
49
Q

Fight or flight

A
  • Pupils dilate
  • heart rate and blood pressure increase
  • Arterioles to digestive system and skin constrict
  • Arterioles to muscle and liver dilate
  • Blood glucose conc increases
  • Metabolic rate increases
  • Endorphins released
50
Q

Innate behaviours

A
  • Genetically determined
  • Passed onto offspring
  • Rigid and inflexible
  • Patterns of behaviour are the same
  • Unintelligent, organism has no sense of behaviour
51
Q

Learned behaviours

A
  • Determined by relationship between environment and organism
  • Not passed onto offspring
  • Can be altered
  • Variety
  • Intelligent
52
Q

Reflexes

A

Escape reflexes, are involuntary and follows a pattern following a stimulus

53
Q

Kinesis

A

Orientation based behaviour where the rate of movement increases when an organism is in unfavourable conditions. Non-directional

54
Q

Taxis

A

Directional orientation behaviour. Direction of movement is in relation to the stimulus. Positive is towards the stimulus, and negative is away.

55
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

A stimulus is required to initiate an instinctive behavioural response. This leads to mechanisms within the brain which makes a fixed action pattern.

56
Q

Habituation

A

Animals learn to ignore certain stimuli because repeated exposure has resulted in neither a reward or punishment.

57
Q

Imprinting

A

Young animals become associated with on another organism - usually the parent

58
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. There are three stages of classical conditioning.

59
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Using reward and punishment to create associations between things.

60
Q

Latent learning

A

Explore surrounding and retain information

61
Q

Insight learning

A

Based on ability to think and reason in order to solve problems. This is not based on any reflex.

62
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter and hormone
Increases arousal
Decrease inhibition
Five receptors DRD1-5 (coded by a separate gene)

63
Q

DRD4

A

50+ variants of DRD4
Particular variant of DRD4 common in ADHD sufferers
Variant in those with more risky behaviour eg smoking and gambling

Biology A2 (8 decks)

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