Bio 4: Respiration Flashcards
Energy
The ability to do work
ATP
Phosphorylated nucleotide and is the universal energy currency. It can be hydrolysed to make ADP + P. It releases 30.6 kJ of energy per mol.
Anabolic
Biochemical reactions where large molecules are synthesised from smaller ones
Catabolic
In these reactions, larger molecules are hydrolysed to produce smaller molecules
Oxidation
Reactions involve loss of elections
Reduction
Reactions involving addition of electrons
NAD
Organic non protein
Two nucleotides, two ribose, two phosphate
It can accept two hydrogens with their electrons
Coenzyme A
Adenine and ribose
Three phosphates
Pantothenic acid
Small cysteamine group
Glycolysis
Metabolic pathway where each glucose molecule is broken down. Occurs into cytoplasm
Glucose Glucose 6-phosphate Hexose 1,6-bisphosphate 2x Triose phosphate 2x pyruvate
Net products:
2 ATP molecules (2 were used)
2 redNAD
Mitochondria
Two membranes making an envelope Inner membrane is folded into cristae Between is the inter membrane space Matrix is enclosed by the inner membrane 2-5um long
Electron carrier
Each one is an enzyme, each has a cofactor
The cofactors donate and accept electrons
Some have them coenzymes that pump protons across the membrane into the intermembrane space
Link reaction
Pyruvate gets hydrogens removed from then, by pyruvate dehydrogenase. And a carboxyl group
NAD accepts H
Coenzyme A accepts acetate, becomes acetyl coenzyme A
Krebs cycle
In the matrix
Acetyl CoA joins oxaloacetate = Citric acid
Coenzyme A released
Citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated forms 5C ( 2H accepted by NAD )
5C decarboxylated and dehydrogenated forms 4C (2H accepted by NAD)
4C to 4C (ATP formed)
4C to 4C ( 2H accepted by FAD)
4C dehydrogenated to oxaloacetate
2 turns per glucose redNAD: 6 redFAD: 2 CO2: 4 ATP: 2
Oxidative phosphorylation
Formation of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP in the presence of oxygen, the final electron acceptor.
ATP > 30
Protons leak across mitochondrial membrane
Used to actively transport pyruvate
Used to bring H from redNAD into mitochondria
Chemiosmosis
Diffusion of ions through a partially permeable membrane. This relates to the flow of protons across the membrane, coupled with the generation of ATP
Lactate fermentation
Pyruvate goes to lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase
redNAD - 2H = NAD
Alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate - CO2 (pyruvate dehydrogenase)
Ethanal (redNAD+2H = NAD)
Ethanol
Respiratory substrate
Organic substance that can be used for respiration
RS: Carbohydrate
15.8 kJ/g mean energy value
RS: Protein
17.0 kJ/g mean energy value
Muscle from protein is hydrolysed
Only aerobically
RS: Lipids
39.4 kJ/g mean energy value
Triglycerides are hydrolysed by lipase to fatty acids and glycerol. Glycerol is converted to glucose.
Only aerobically
