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Chemistry > Bio 5-7 > Flashcards

Bio 5-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

formation of biological macro-molecules

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2
Q

hydrolysis

A

digestion of biological macromolecules

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3
Q

4 Polymers

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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4
Q

Carbohydrates

A

fuel, building material, made from simple sugars (glucose) into polymers (starch)

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5
Q

starch

A

storage poly. of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

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6
Q

glycogen

A

storage poly. in animals

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7
Q

cellulose

A

major component of tough wall of plant cells

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8
Q

chitin

A

structural poly. found in exoskeleton of arthropods

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9
Q

fats

A

store energy

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10
Q

steroids

A

cholesterol, hormones

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11
Q

phospholipids

A

lipid bilayer of cell membrane

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12
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

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13
Q

defensive proteins

A

protection against disease

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14
Q

storage proteins

A

storage of amino acids

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15
Q

transport proteins

A

transport of substances

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16
Q

hormonal proteins

A

coordination of an organism’s activities

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17
Q

contractile & motor proteins

A

movement

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18
Q

receptor proteins

A

response of cell to chemical stimuli

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19
Q

structual proteins

A

support

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20
Q

polypeptides

A

unbranched polymers built from amino acids

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21
Q

protein

A

biologically functional molecule that consists of 1/+ polypeptides

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22
Q

amino acids

A

organic molecules with amino & carboxyl groups

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23
Q

primary structure of protein

A

unique sequence of amino acids

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24
Q

secondary structure found in most proteins

A

consists of coils and folds within polypeptide chain

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25
Q

tertiary structure of proteins

A

determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)

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26
Q

Quaternary structure proteins

A

results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

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27
Q

collagen

A

fibrous protein consisting of 3 polypeptides coiled like a rope

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28
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

inherited blood disorder, results from single amino acid substitution in protein hemoglobin

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29
Q

denaturation

A

loss of protein’s native structure

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30
Q

chaperonins

A

protein molecules that assist proper folding of other proteins

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31
Q

DNA

A

double-helix, Thymine, sugar:deoxyribose

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32
Q

RNA

A

single, Uracil, carry info from DNA to ribosomes, sugar:ribose

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33
Q

polynucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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34
Q

genomics

A

concerned with structure, function, evolution, mapping of genomes

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35
Q

proteomics

A

large scale study of proteins & function within cell

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36
Q

light scope

A

visible light passes through specimen, refracts light so specimen is magnified, magnify 1000x, specimen can be alive/moving, color

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37
Q

electron scope

A

focuses beam of electrons onto specimen, magnify 1,000,000x, specimen non-living and in vacuum, black & white

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38
Q

Electron microscopy Transmission (TEM)

A

2-d, creates flat image with extreme detail, enhance contrast by staining atoms with heavy metal dyes

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39
Q

Electron microscopy Scanning (SEM)

A

3-d, used for detailed study of surface speciman, gives great field of depth

40
Q

cell fractionation

A

take apart cells, separate major organelles

41
Q

prokaryotes

A

domain bacteria & archaes

42
Q

Eukaryotes

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

43
Q

Small intestine

A

highly folded surface to increase absorption of nutrients

44
Q

villi

A

finger-like projections on SI wall

45
Q

microvilli

A

projections on each cell

46
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes

47
Q

nucleolus

A

region where rRNA synthesized + ribosomal subunits are formed

48
Q

nuclear pores

A

control what enters/leaves nucleus

49
Q

ribosomes

A

protect synthesis

50
Q

free ribosomes

A

float in cytosol, produce proteins used withing cell

51
Q

bound ribosomes

A

attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell

52
Q

endomembrane system

A

regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions

53
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes on surface; package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane

54
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes on surface; synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca^2+

55
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

synthesis & packaging of materials for transport; produce lysosomes

56
Q

cis face

A

receives vesicles

57
Q

trans face

A

ships vesicles

58
Q

lysosomes

A

intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s materials; programmed cell death(apoptosis)

59
Q

vacuoles

A

storage of materials;membrane-bound vesicles

60
Q

mitochondria

A

site of cellulat respiration; double membrane outer and inner

61
Q

cristae

A

folds of inner membrane; contains enzymes for ATP production; increased surface area to increase ATP made

62
Q

matrix

A

fluid-filled inner compartment

63
Q

chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis; double membrane

64
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin; prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells

65
Q

peroxisomes

A

break down fatty acids; detox alcohol

66
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers; support, motility, regulate biochemical activites

67
Q

microtubules

A

protein=tubulin, largest fibers, shape/support cell, track for organelle movement, forms spindle for mitosis/meiosis, component of cilia/flagella

68
Q

microfilaments

A

protein=actin, smallest fibers, support cell on smaller scale, cell movement, ameboid movement, sytoplasmic streaming, muscle cell contracion

69
Q

intermediate filaments

A

intermediate size, permanent fixtures, maintain shape of cell, fix position of organelles

70
Q

centrosomes

A

region microtubules grow

71
Q

flagella

A

long & few, propel thru water

72
Q

cilia

A

short & numerous, locomotion/move fluids

73
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

outside plasma membrane, composed of glycoproteins, strengthens tissues & transmits external signals to cell

74
Q

tight junctions

A

2 ells fused to form watertight seal

75
Q

desmosomes

A

“rivets” that fasten cells into strong sheets

76
Q

gap junctions

A

channeles thru which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass

77
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels between cells to allow passage of molecules

78
Q

plasma membrane=selectively permeable

A

allows some substances to cross more easily than others

79
Q

fluid mosaic

A

membrane held together by weak interactions

80
Q

amphipathic

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

81
Q

phospholipid movement

A

move laterally, rarely flip

82
Q

peripheral proteins

A

bound to surface of membrane inside/out

83
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrate hydrophobic core

84
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water

85
Q

osmoregulation

A

control of solute concerntrations & water balance

86
Q

active transport

A

requires engery (ATP)

87
Q

electrogenic pumps

A

generate voltage across membrane

88
Q

Na/k pump

A

na out, k in; never transmission

89
Q

proton pump

A

push protons across membrane

90
Q

cotransport

A

membrane protein enables “downhill” diffusion of one solute to drive “uphill” transport of other

91
Q

bulk transport

A

across plasma membrane occurs by endocytosis & exocytosis

92
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular eating

93
Q

pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking

94
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

binding of ligands to receptiors triggers vesicle formation

95
Q

ligand

A

any molecule that binds specifically to receptor site of another molecule

96
Q

Passive transport

A

little/no energy, high-low concentration, down concentration gradient

97
Q

active transport

A

requires energy, low-high concentrations, againsts concentration gradient

Chemistry (3 decks)

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