bio Flashcards
if a population of 100 has 20 births and 10 deaths in a year - what is the growth rate of the population?
.1
what is the carrying capacity of the environment for the population indicated on the graph?
6000
you would expect population oscillations in which example?
a population of small mammals
we would expect slow population growth for which example?
elephant
which survivorship curve would you match to a population of humans?
Type 1
which evolutionary tradeoff do you think humans utilize?
Reproduction and growth & number and size of offspring
which tradeoff cannot be influenced by natural selection?
lifespan after reproduction
which animal is most likely to live the longest because it encounters few hazard factors in the wild?
great white shark
which country has the highest proportion of its population below age 10?
kenya
at which point in time is the population experiencing maximum birth rate but decreased death rate?
b
the carrying capacity of the planet should maintain ecosystems and still provide existing humans with the quality of life found in the United States means fewer overall.
*
1) Which of the following statements comparing plants to animals is the most accurate?
e. Both the first and fourth choices are correct.
The total amount of plant matter on earth is more than 10 times the biomass of all the animals.
The longest-living plants live 10 times longer than the longest-living animals.
How do plants circulate food, water, and nutrients?
b. vascular tissue of roots
Monocots differ from dicots in several ways. Which of the following structures is NOT a difference between monocots and dicots?
e. All of the above statements are differences between monocots and dicots.
a. the number of cotyledons
b. stem structure
c. roots
d. flowers
What are the embryonic precursors to leaves in a seedling called?
b. cotyledons
Which of the following correctly describes a difference in stem anatomy between monocots and eudicots?
c. Monocots have vascular bundles distributed randomly through the stem.
All of the following are ground tissue cell types EXCEPT:
b. meristem.
Which of the following is most important in providing structural support in vascular plants?
a. xylem
Sugars produced in the leaves of a plant are transported elsewhere in the plant through:
e. sieve tubes that make up the phloem.
Which of the following is not a part of dermal tissue?
e. dermis
A plant expels oxygen through its ____________ and takes up carbon dioxide through its ___________.
a. leaves; leaves
A new species of plant was recently discovered. It has flowers with five petals and five stamens in each flower. You can conclude that this plant probably has:
b. branching leaf veins.
Parenchyma is a type of:
c. ground tissue.
Roots perform which of the following functions in plants?
a. anchorage
b. absorption
c. storage
d. All of the above are correct.
What are the three primary functions of roots?
a. absorption, anchorage, and storage
What is the difference (if any) between lateral and apical meristems?
Apical meristem cell division results in root or stem lengthening; lateral meristem cell division results in stem or root thickening.
Leaves are generally thin, with a three-layered structure that includes all of the following EXCEPT:
d. apical meristem cells.
Which of the following is TRUE about plant leaves?
b. They must allow some water vapor to escape through stomata in order to transport water from the roots into the leaves.
If the shoots of plants are covered with an impermeable cuticle layer, how do plants manage to exchange water and gas with the surrounding environment?
c. Specialized pores in the cuticle called stomata allow gas and water exchange.
Plants can have one of two kinds of root systems: a taproot or a fibrous root system. Which of the following describes the differences between these two systems?
c. taproot: grow deep down into the soil; fibrous: tend to occupy upper, shallow parts of the soil and grow outward
Which of the following essential plant nutrients is NOT generally taken up through the roots?
b. carbon
Carnivorous plants digest small invertebrate animals. These animals are broken down by the plant’s enzymes, and the products are used to supplement the plant’s supply of:
a. minerals.
Which of the following steps of the pressure-flow mechanism is CORRECT?
c. As water moves into the phloem, it increases the fluid pressure inside the phloem.
Asexual reproduction is advantageous to plants because:
d. it is more energetically efficient than sexual reproduction.
The growth of new individual plants from the tissue of an established plant is known as:
b. asexual reproduction.
What is the major disadvantage associated with asexual reproduction?
c. There is no genetic variation among the offspring.
How is sexual reproduction important in agriculture?
It allows a plant breeder to selectively breed plants with desirable features.
From an evolutionary standpoint, why do many flowers have attractive colors and smell good?
b. to increase the rate of pollination and reproduction
Carrion flowers mostly attract:
b. flies.
Which parts of a plant can be used as a “starting point” in asexual reproduction?
a. leaves
b. stems
c. shoots
d. roots
e. All of the above can serve as the starting point for asexual reproduction.
In angiosperms, the ______ are the specialized reproductive organs whose main function is to bring together the sperm and egg.
e. flowers
Which of the following flower structures is INCORRECTLY paired with its function?
d. stigma: surround and protect the female gametes
Each angiosperm pollen grain contains how many sperm cells?
e. two
The stamens of a flowering plant are broken down into two separate parts. The long, stalk-like structure is the _________, and the pollen-producing bodies on the tips are the __________.
b. filament; anthers
“A group of outer protective cells containing one or more ovules” describes what plant structure?
d. an ovary
Which of the following is a likely way in which plants increase dispersal of their seeds?
a. Fruits are conspicuously colored.
Flowering plants attract animals to assist in pollination. Which of the following animal groups is NOT a common pollinator of flowering plants?
a. bats
b. bumblebees
c. moths
d. beetles
e. All of the above actually are common pollinators.
Mosses and ferns differ in their reproductive strategies from gymnosperms and angiosperms in which of the following ways?
e. Mosses and ferns rely on liquid water for fertilization, whereas angiosperms and gymnosperms do not need liquid water for fertilization.
The common term for the action of transferring pollen grains from an anther onto a stigma is:
a. pollination.
Which of the following is NOT a strategy by which plants achieve pollination?
a. bribery
b. trickery
c. releasing pollen to the wind
d. releasing pollen into water
e. All of the above are methods by which plants achieve pollination.
Plants that have separate male and female flowers:
d. Both the first and third choices are correct.
Which of the following is NOT contained within the seed?
b. ovary
A little girl is playing in a field and picks up a dandelion. She blows on the dandelion and the little “hair parachutes” fly through the air. What exactly just took place, botanically speaking, as she did this?
b. The bushy hairs allowed the fruits of the dandelion to float in the air.
What is the first step that occurs in the process of angiosperm reproduction after a pollen grain lands on a stigma of the correct species?
b. Elongation of the pollen grain to form a tube extending down the style.
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which plants can avoid self-fertilization?
a. Male parts and female parts are in different locations on the same tree.
b. Male and female parts mature at different times.
c. Some individual plants have only male parts while others have only female parts.
d. All of the above are mechanisms to avoid self-fertilization.
Some fruits are designed to be attractive food for animals. Other fruits that rely on animal dispersal are:
sticky or covered with clingy burrs.
Fruits often taste bad before they ripen. This is probably because:
c. immature fruit may still have non-viable seeds; bad taste discourages animal dispersal.
When you are seven years old, you scratch your name, 4 feet above the ground, into a 12-foot-tall bamboo plant. You spend the next 10 years in a special home for vandals. When you get out, the bamboo is 24 feet tall. At that time, how far above the ground will your name be?
b. 4 feet
When, after seed germination, does photosynthesis begin?
c. when the shoot emerges from the soil
Which of the following statements concerning primary and secondary growth is most accurate?
b. Primary growth causes plants to get taller, whereas secondary growth makes them thicker and stronger.
Which of the following features do plants have that ALL animals lack?
something about movement
cell compose bark?
vascular cambium
When a seed begins absorbing a large amount of water, it:
b. has begun germination.
Trees are different from animals in that trees have:
a. indeterminate growth, large amounts of dead cells, and regularly lose mass (like branches and leaves) without adverse effects.
Which of the following organisms would occupy a high trophic level?
- spider
Terrestrial primary production is highest _____; marine primary production is highest _____.
- near the equator; along coasts
Which of the following nutrient cycles has the smallest atmospheric component?
- the phosphorus cycle
Even though there is a carbon cycle, it now appears that carbon dioxide levels are rising around the world. Which of the following best explains why this is true?
- The burning of fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
The nitrogen cycle is important biologically because:
- nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
The beak sizes and shapes of Darwin’s finches are correlated with which environmental feature?
- size of seeds eaten
When two species battle for resources until one is driven locally extinct, the process is called:
- competitive exclusion.
The intensity of competition between two species increases as:
- the similarity of their requirements and life styles increases.
The monarch butterfly uses ___________________ as a defense for reducing predation.
- warning coloration
Rabid animals:
- froth at the mouth so as to increase the likelihood that the rabies-causing virus is passed on to another host.
“Ecology” is best defined as:
- the study of the relationships between all living organisms and their environments.
If there are 500 individuals in a population at the start of a year, and during the year 125 offspring are produced in that population, then the annual birth rate is:
- .25
When plants of a particular species are growing too close to each other, crowding may eventually lead to mortality, known as self-thinning. This type of mortality is:
- density-dependent.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a density-dependent limiting factor that will influence carrying capacity?
- flooding
In the graph, curve A is the ____________________ and curve B is the ___________________.
- exponential growth curve; logistic growth curve
In the lynx–snowshoe hare oscillating cycle of population growth, when the hare population size grows, more food is provided for the lynx. Which is the IMMEDIATE next step in this cycle?
- The lynx reproduce at a higher rate.
Life-history patterns:
- are subject to the pressures of natural selection.
The set of curves depicted in the graph are called:
- survivorship curves.
When the hazard factor is low, individuals tend to reproduce:
- later in life.
A stationary population pyramid:
- reflects unchanging birth and death rate patterns
Ecology is best defined as the study of:
the relationships between all living organisms and their environments.
n average, which leaves more offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce: a pair of elephants or a pair of rabbits?
If both populations are stable, the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce.
The number of individuals that can be supported in a given habitat is the:
- None of the above are correct.
Dr. David Reznick has studied life history evolution in guppies that live in streams in Trinidad. Guppies are found in two different types of habitat: sites where predation is high, and sites where predation is low. Which of the following life history characteristics would you expect to evolve in a guppy population living in a high-predation site?
- increased egg number
The death rate of organisms in a population exhibiting a type III survivorship curve is:
- lower after the organisms survive beyond the earliest age groups.
Which of the following is a major tradeoff in life histories?
- growth for reproduction
Natural selection:
- cannot weed out from a population any alleles that do not reduce an individual’s relative reproductive success, even if these alleles increase an individual’s risk of dying.
Which of the following statements about the hazard factor of a population is incorrect?
- It is a measure of organisms’ risk of death from external sources.
A population pyramid:
- represents the number of individuals in various age groups in a population.
A primary difference between the age pyramids of industrialized and developing countries is that:
- in developing countries, much larger proportions of the population are in the youngest age groups.
An ecosystem consists of ______ in a given area.
- all the living organisms and non-living materials
Why is it hotter at the equator than at the Poles?
- The angle at which sunlight hits the earth leads to a given amount of solar energy being spread over a smaller area at the equator than at the Poles.
When moist wind from an ocean blows onshore toward a mountain range:
- None of the above are correct.
“Top” carnivores:
- consume primarily carnivores.
The 10% rule of energy-conversion efficiency:
- All of the above are correct.
Nitrogen enters the food chain:
- primarily through soil-dwelling bacteria that “fix” nitrogen by attaching it to other atoms.
Which of the following statements about an organism’s niche is incorrect?
- It encompasses the space the organism requires.
The “ghost of competition past” refers to the fact that:
- competition often leads to character displacement, which remains even after direct competition is reduced.
Chemical defenses are more common among plants than animals because:
- plants cannot move to escape predators and so must develop other deterrents.
Rabid animals:
- froth at the mouth so as to increase the likelihood that the rabies-causing virus is passed on to another host.
In a commensal relationship:
- one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.
Carrion flowers mostly attract:
- flies.
In angiosperms the _______________ are the specialized reproductive organs whose main function is to bring together the sperm and egg.
- flowers
The _________ is the pollen-producing part of the male reproductive structure of the flowering plant.
- stamen
Unlike in animals, most of a tree’s cells are:
- dead
What is the structure on a flowering plant that receives the pollen granules?
- the stigma
The female parts of a flower are the:
- stigma, style, ovary, and ovule.
When, after seed germination, does photosynthesis begin?
- when the shoot emerges from the soil
Seeds that are tiny and light are most likely to be:
- wind-dispersed.
Some fruits are designed to be attractive food for animals. Other fruits that rely on animal dispersal are:
- sticky or covered with clingy burrs
When you are seven years old, you write your name four feet above the ground, into a 12 foot tall bamboo plant. You spend the next ten years in a special home for vandals. When you get out the bamboo is 24 feet tall. At that time, how far above the ground will your name be?
- 4 feet
if we choose to protect a specific parcel of land, say the one from the last slide we are protecting ….
genetic
species
habitat biodiversities
all of the above
what organism has the greatest effect on the biodiversity of our planet?
humans
ozone blocks ____ radiation and is caused by the release of ____ into the atmosphere
UVB, CFCs
how can global warming be linked to deforestation
trees remove CO2 from that burned realease of CO2 from the atmosphere
trees are different from animals in that
inderterminate growth…..
seeds that are tiny and light are most likely to be
wind-despersed
secondary plant growth occurs at the
none of the above
in the graph, curve A is the ___ and curve B is the ____
exponential growth curve, logistic
a population pyramid that gets more narrow in the shape with higher age groups represents __ while a population pyr with nearly parallel is ____
increased growth, stationary growth
density dependent and density independent factors influence the growth of a population by causing changes in the
birth rate and death rate
when the hazard factor is high, individuals tend to reproduce
earlier in life
what type of survivorship curve do humans have?
type I
the number of individuals that can be supported in a given habitat is the
carrying capacity
if there are 800 individuals in a population at the start of a year and during the year 200 offspring are produced in that population , then the annual birth rate is:
.25
life histories are based on
all of the above
a population pyramid
reflects the number of individuals in various age groups of a popualtion
which of the following is a major tradeoff in life histories
growth for reproduction
mutations that cause sickness and death after reproduction
can be passed on to future generations
the phenomenon in which species that live together in the same environment tend to diverge in those character that overlap is known as
character displacement
in the interaction of two types if organisms in a habitat one organism benefits from its interaction from the other but the other organism is unaffected - what is the name
commenalism
in a population exhibiting logistic growth, what happens when the carrying capacity is exceeded?
the growth rate becomes negative…..
