bio 4

Question 1

What does ADP stand for and how is it related to ATP?

Answer 1

ADP stands for Adenosine diphosphate. It is related to ATP because if you add a phosphate to ADP it becomes ATP (adenosine triphosphate - i.e. 3 phosphate). Essentially ATP is made of ADP.

Question 2

What does ATP stand for, what is it, and why is it so important?

Answer 2

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, it carries energy, and provides energy for most cell processes.

Question 3

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

Answer 3

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

CO2 - carbon dioxide, used, in the Calvin Cycle (Stage 2); H2O - water, used, in light reactions (Stage 1); Sunlight - sun, used, in light reactions (Stage 1); C6H12O6 - glucose or sugar, made, in Calvin Cycle (Stage 2); O2 - oxygen, made, in light reactions (Stage 1).

Question 4

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

Answer 4

To create sugars (glucose) for the mitochondria to break down ATP.

Question 5

What is the advantage of photosynthesis for plants?

Answer 5

Create their own food so that they don’t have to move and can store for the next year.

Question 6

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Answer 6

Light-Dependent Reactions and Calvin Cycle.

Question 7

Where do the Light-Dependent Reactions take place?

Answer 7

In the membrane (phospholipid bilayer) of the thylakoids in the chloroplasts.

Question 8

What molecule donates the electron to Photosystem II?

Answer 8

Water.

Question 9

What is the function of photosystems?

Answer 9

To re-energize the electrons.

Question 10

What pigments are found within photosystems?

Answer 10

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

Question 11

Is the Light-Dependent Reactions stage considered Light Dependent or Light Independent?

Answer 11

Light Dependent because without light the electrons cannot be charged and recharged.

Question 12

What is NADPH and why is it important?

Answer 12

NADPH is an electron carrier made from NADP+, two electrons, and a hydrogen ion. It is important because the Calvin Cycle depends on it to help make glucose.

Question 13

What is the name of the second stage of photosynthesis?

Answer 13

Calvin Cycle.

Question 14

What is needed for the Calvin Cycle to take place?

Answer 14

ATP from the ETC, NADPH from the ETC, and 6CO2 from the environment.

Question 15

What molecule is being produced in the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 15

Glucose.

Question 16

Is the Calvin Cycle considered Light Dependent or Light Independent?

Answer 16

Light Independent because it does not need light to work.

Question 17

What needs to be present for photosynthesis to take place?

Answer 17

Sunlight, CO2, H2O.

Question 18

How are the two stages of photosynthesis dependent on each other?

Answer 18

The Calvin Cycle needs NADPH and ATP from the ETC, while the ETC needs NADP+ and ADP + P from the Calvin Cycle.

Question 19

How do plants survive in extreme temperatures or low water?

Answer 19

C4 plants separate carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle, while CAM plants fix carbon overnight. Both adaptations limit water loss.

Question 20

What is photorespiration?

Answer 20

Photorespiration is when rubisco accepts oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, wasting energy for the cells.

Question 21

How does photorespiration relate to climate change?

Answer 21

It occurs more frequently when plants close their stomata in hot or dry weather, which can endanger some plant species.

Question 22

What type of transport is used for proteins in the thylakoid membrane?

Answer 22

The Protein Pump (Cytochrome C) uses active transport, and ATP Synthase uses passive transport.

Question 23

What is the function of ATP Synthase?

Answer 23

Creates ATP through H+ flowing through the enzyme.

Question 24

Why are H+ ions being pumped into the thylakoid?

Answer 24

To create a high concentration of H+ in the lumen for ATP production.

Question 25

What molecules from stage one move to stage two?

Answer 25

ATP and NADPH.