bio 4 Flashcards
What does ADP stand for and how is it related to ATP?
ADP stands for Adenosine diphosphate. It is related to ATP because if you add a phosphate to ADP it becomes ATP (adenosine triphosphate - i.e. 3 phosphate). Essentially ATP is made of ADP.
What does ATP stand for, what is it, and why is it so important?
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, it carries energy, and provides energy for most cell processes.
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
CO2 - carbon dioxide, used, in the Calvin Cycle (Stage 2); H2O - water, used, in light reactions (Stage 1); Sunlight - sun, used, in light reactions (Stage 1); C6H12O6 - glucose or sugar, made, in Calvin Cycle (Stage 2); O2 - oxygen, made, in light reactions (Stage 1).
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
To create sugars (glucose) for the mitochondria to break down ATP.
What is the advantage of photosynthesis for plants?
Create their own food so that they don’t have to move and can store for the next year.
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light-Dependent Reactions and Calvin Cycle.
Where do the Light-Dependent Reactions take place?
In the membrane (phospholipid bilayer) of the thylakoids in the chloroplasts.
What molecule donates the electron to Photosystem II?
Water.
What is the function of photosystems?
To re-energize the electrons.
What pigments are found within photosystems?
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
Is the Light-Dependent Reactions stage considered Light Dependent or Light Independent?
Light Dependent because without light the electrons cannot be charged and recharged.
What is NADPH and why is it important?
NADPH is an electron carrier made from NADP+, two electrons, and a hydrogen ion. It is important because the Calvin Cycle depends on it to help make glucose.
What is the name of the second stage of photosynthesis?
Calvin Cycle.
What is needed for the Calvin Cycle to take place?
ATP from the ETC, NADPH from the ETC, and 6CO2 from the environment.
What molecule is being produced in the Calvin Cycle?
Glucose.
Is the Calvin Cycle considered Light Dependent or Light Independent?
Light Independent because it does not need light to work.
What needs to be present for photosynthesis to take place?
Sunlight, CO2, H2O.
How are the two stages of photosynthesis dependent on each other?
The Calvin Cycle needs NADPH and ATP from the ETC, while the ETC needs NADP+ and ADP + P from the Calvin Cycle.
How do plants survive in extreme temperatures or low water?
C4 plants separate carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle, while CAM plants fix carbon overnight. Both adaptations limit water loss.
What is photorespiration?
Photorespiration is when rubisco accepts oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, wasting energy for the cells.
How does photorespiration relate to climate change?
It occurs more frequently when plants close their stomata in hot or dry weather, which can endanger some plant species.
What type of transport is used for proteins in the thylakoid membrane?
The Protein Pump (Cytochrome C) uses active transport, and ATP Synthase uses passive transport.
What is the function of ATP Synthase?
Creates ATP through H+ flowing through the enzyme.
Why are H+ ions being pumped into the thylakoid?
To create a high concentration of H+ in the lumen for ATP production.
What molecules from stage one move to stage two?
ATP and NADPH.
