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Chem 102 > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Ultimate causes

A

Evolutionary processes that produced the capacity and tendency to behave in certain ways

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2
Q

Condition reflexes

A

Fixed action patterns are usually triggered by simple stimuli such as color, smell, or sound

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3
Q

Behaviors that have evolved in species

A
  1. Environmental conditions

2. Reproductive fitness

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4
Q

Imprinting

A

Animal learns set of style during critical period such as recognition of parents and offspring

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5
Q

Learning stimuli takes place during __

A

Critical period or sensitive period

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6
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemicals signals used to communicate non-verbally between animals

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7
Q

Lordosis

A

(Sexual behavior) receptive posture assumed by females for mating

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8
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Daily cycles of activities. Marched to environmental cycle of light and dark

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9
Q

Plotting

A

Knows and remembers structure of the environment

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10
Q

Homing

A

Ability to return to specific location from long distances

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11
Q

Humans use two systems of navigation

A
  1. Distance direction navigation

2. Bicoordinate navigation

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12
Q

Visual signals

A

Offer rapid delivery and accurate position of sender

Not effective at night

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13
Q

Acoustic signals

A

Used at night and in dark environments

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14
Q

Mechanosensory signals

A

Involve touch

Honeybees do dance. Follow and touch dancer to interpret signals.
>100 meters away - waggle dance

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15
Q

Habitat

A

Must provide food,shelter,nest sites, escape routes

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16
Q

Cost-benefit approach

A

Animals cannot perform behaviors that cost more that benefits they provide

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17
Q

Energetic cost

A

Difference between performing behavior and not

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18
Q

Risk cost

A

Increased chance of being injured or killed performing a behavior

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19
Q

Opportunity cost

A

Benefits the animal by performing other behaviors during the same time

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20
Q

Territorial cost

A

Aggressive behavior use to actively deny other animals access to a habitat or resource

Ex: ground squirrels

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21
Q

Polyandry

A

Mating system where one females mates with many males

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22
Q

Individual fitness

A

Fitness gained by producing offspring

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23
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Helping parents and relatives raise their offspring also increases transmission of those shared Allred to next generation

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24
Q

Kin selection

A

Selection for behaviors that increase a relative’s success at a cost to the performer

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25
Physical geography
Study of distribution of earths slim area and surface features
26
Biogeography
Study of distributions of organisms
27
Abiotic
Components of environment (non living components)
28
Biotic
Component (living organism)
29
Proximation causes
Genetic, physiological, neurological and developmental mechanisms
30
Ecological system
One or more organisms plus the external environment with which they interact Can include any part of the biological hierarchy from the individual to the biosphere
31
Population
(Group of individuals)of the same species that live in a particular area at the same time
32
Community
Assemblage of interacting organisms
33
Ecosystem
Community plus it's abiotic environment
34
Biosphere
All the organisms and environments of the planet
35
Climate
Avg conditions and patters of variation over long periods
36
Weather
State of atmospheric conditions in a particular place at a particular time
37
Climate diagram
Graphs of avg monthly temperature and precipitation
38
Biome
Physical environment inhabited by ecologically similar organisms with similar adaptations
39
Hadley's cells
Movement of air occurs at 30degrees south and 30degrees north at equator
40
Photic zone
Depth to which light penetrates. Photosynthetic organisms restricted to this zone
41
Littoral zone
Near shore. Shallow, impacted by waves and fluctuations water levels
42
Benthic zone
Lake or ocean bottom
43
Abyssal zone
Water pressure increases with depth. | Organisms must have adaptations to deal with high pressure , low oxygen and cold temperatures.
44
Alfred Wallace
Studies species distributions in Malay archipelago
45
Biogeographic regions
Wallace divide world into six regions. Contained distinct species, phylogenetically related. Boundaries : bodies of water, extreme climates, mountain ranges
46
Biotic interchange
When continental movement eliminated barriers
47
Population density
Number of individuals per unit of area or volume
48
Population size
Total number of individuals in a population
49
Habitat patches
Islands of suitable habitat separated by areas of unsuitable habitat
50
Population densities are dynamic
They change over time
51
BD model (birth-death)
Change in population size depend on the number of births and deaths over a given time
52
Per capita growth rate
Avg individuals contribution to total population growth rate
53
Life history
Time course of growth and development, reproduction. And death during an average individuals life
54
Survivorship
Fraction of individuals that survive from birth to different life stages or ages
55
Fecundity
Avg number of offspring that are produced per female indiv during their reproductive year
56
Growth rate of an organism
Rate at which an organism can acquire resources increases with availability of the resources
57
Allocation
Once organism has acquired resource can use for: maintenance, foraging, growth, defense, or reproduction
58
Carrying capacity
Number or quantity of people or things that can he held
59
Metapopulations
Regional populations made up of subpopulations in habitat patches
60
BIDE model
Birth, immigrants, death, emigrants
61
Interspecific interactions
(Between individuals of different species) affect population densities, species distributions, and ultimately lead of evolutionary changes Can be beneficial or detrimental to either of species
62
Consumer-resource interactions
Organisms get their nutrition by eating other living organisms (-/+) interaction ; consumer benefits while consumed organism loses
63
Interspecific competition
(-/-) interactions | Members of two or more species use same resource
64
Mutualism
(+/+) benefits both species
65
Commensalism
(+/0) one species benefits while other is unaffected
66
Amensalism
(-/0) one species is harmed while other is unaffected
67
Intraspecific interactions
(Within species) Detrimental bc per capita resource availability decreases as population density increase
68
Invasive
Reproduce rapidly and spread widely and have negative impacts on native species Ex: purple loosestrife, nutria, emerald ash, snakehead fish, chestnut blight
69
Extinctions occur bc:
- unable to tolerate local conditions - resource maybe lacking - exclusion by competitors, predators - no reproduction
70
Succession
Species often replace one another in a predictable sequence Ex: dung bettles
71
Ecological transition
If original community is not reestablish, different community forms
72
Niche
Environmental tolerances of species, which define where they live
73
Trophic interactions
Cause energy and materials to flow through community
74
Primary producers (autotrophs)
Convert solar energy into form that can be used by the rest of the community ( plants)
75
Heterotrophs
Get energy breaking apart organic compounds that ere assembled by other organisms
76
Primary consumers (herbivores)
Eat primary producers
77
Secondary consumers (carnivores)
Eat herbivores
78
Tertiary consumers
Eat secondary consumers
79
Omnivores
Feed from multiple tropic levels (humans)
80
Decomposers (detritivores)
Feed on waste products or dead bodies of organisms Recycling materials. Break down organic matter into inorganic matter for primary producers to absorb
81
Food web
Trophic interactions shown in diagram indicating flow of energy and materials, and who eats whom
82
Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Total amount of energy that primary producers convert into chemical energy
83
Net primary productivity (NPP)
Energy contained in tissues of primary producers and is available for consumption
84
Ecological efficiency
Transferring energy from one trophic to another (10%)
85
Trophic cascade
Controls ecosystem. When predators limit density/behavior of prey and enhance survival of next lower trophic level
86
Species richness
Number of species in community
87
Species evenness
Distribution of species abundance
88
Biochemical cycles
Pathway by which chemical substances moves through both biotic and abiotic compartments of earth
89
Islands biogeography
Equilibrium species richness on islands depends on relative rates of colonization and extinction Small islands-small population size, greater likelihood of extinction
90
Colonization principles
Clusters habitat fragments together, connect fragments with dispersal corridors
91
Extinction principles
Retain large patches of original habitat maintain ability of fragments to support healthy populations
92
Pool
Total amount of an element or molecule in a compartment
93
Flux
Movement of an element or molecule between compartments
94
All the materials in the bodies of living organisms are ultimately derived from _____
Abiotic sources
95
Waters makes up ___ of biomass
70%
96
Greenhouse gas
Gas that contributes to the greenhouse affect by absorbing infrared radiation
97
Nitrogen fixation
Some microbes can break the strong triple bind and reduce N2 to ammonium
98
Eutrophication
Increased primary productivity and rapid phytoplankton growth
99
Dead zones form offshore bc____
Decomposition of phytoplankton can deplete oxygen
100
Carbon cycle
Movement of carbon linked to energy flow through ecosystem | Largest pool occur in fossil fuels and carbonate rocks
101
All objects that are warmer than absolute zero emits ________
Electromagnetic radiation
102
Greenhouse gases include:
Water (H2O), Caron dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O)
103
Dave Keeling
Dedicated to developing long term record of atmospheric CO2 measurement
104
Keeling curve
The Mauna Loa. Measurements contributed to better understanding of pools and fluxes of global Carbon cycle

Chem 102 (3 decks)

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