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BIO 240 > BIO 240 Exam 4 Gonzolaz > Flashcards

BIO 240 Exam 4 Gonzolaz Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system use as a means of communication?

A

Neurotransmitters

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system use as a means of communication?

A

Hormones

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3
Q

What do exocrine glands secrete?

A

sweat/saliva

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4
Q

What do endocrine glands secrete?

A

hormones

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5
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical triggers that can stimulate other glands; regulate metabolism

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6
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

amino acid based hormones

steroid hormones

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7
Q

What are the 3 stimulation that trigger hormone response?

A

Humoral, Neural, Hormonal

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8
Q

What is humoral stimulation?

A

Changes in levels of ions or nutrients

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9
Q

What is neural stimulation?

A

stimulation by nerves

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10
Q

What is hormonal stimulation?

A

stimulation received from other hormones

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11
Q

Which feedback system accelerates an original process?

A

positive feedback

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12
Q

Which feedback system slows down a process?

A

negative feedback

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13
Q

Where are endocrine cells found in organs that are not purely endocrine organs?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Thymus
  3. Gonads
  4. Hypothalamus
  5. Heart
  6. GI tract
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14
Q

What organs are purely endocrine?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Pineal
  3. Thyroid
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Adrenal
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15
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to secrete hormones

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16
Q

What is anterior pituitary gland also know as?

A

Adenohypophysis

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17
Q

What is posterior pituitary gland also know as?

A

Neurohypophysis

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18
Q

Which pituitary gland stores hormone?

A

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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19
Q

Too much of what hormone results in acromegaly(increased size or internal organs, bones, and hands)

A

Growth Hormone

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20
Q

What is the largest gland related to endocrine activities?

A

Thyroid Gland

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21
Q

weight gain, lowered blood pressure, and

hyperplasia are all symptoms of what?

A

Hypothyroidism

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22
Q

excessive thyroid hormone, weight loss, and graves disease are all symptoms of what?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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23
Q

What is the significance of melotonin in the pineal gland?

A

Regulation of cardian rhythm

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24
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes what?

A

Glucocorticoids

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25
Q

What effects does glucocorticoids have on the body?

A

cortisol production, stimulates metabolism of lipids, proteins and sugars
(salt, sex, sugar)

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26
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Stress hormone!

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27
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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28
Q

increase blood pressure, increase heart rate
bronchioles dilate
glycogen–>glucose
metabolic rate increase

These are all symptoms of what in the adrenal gland?

A

Short term stress

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29
Q

kidneys retain sodium and water
blood volume and blood pressure increase
proteins and fats convert to glucose

These are all symptoms of what in the adrenal gland?

A

Long term stress

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30
Q

What are exocrine cells called in the pancreas?

A

Acinar

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31
Q

What are endocrine cells called in the pancreas?

A

Islet

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32
Q

Which cells secrete glucagon, and what happens to blood sugar after this?

A

Alpha cells, raises blood sugar

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33
Q

Which cells secrete insulin, and what happens to blood sugar after this?

A

Beta cells, lowers blood sugar

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34
Q

What are the 3 types of Diabetes?

A

Type I, Type II, and Gestational

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35
Q

Where does the stimulation of lymphocyte maturation occur?

A

Thymus

36
Q

What is the function of renin secretion in the kidney?

A

to control blood pressure

37
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin secretion in the kidney?

A

increase red blood cell production in the bone marrow (and liver)

38
Q

What is the function of calcitrol secretion in the kidney?

A

formation of vitamin D

39
Q

What two systems make up the circulatory system?

A

cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

40
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

blood, heart, and blood vessels

41
Q

What makes up the lymphatic system?

A

lymph nodes and lymph vessels

42
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
43
Q

What makes up blood?

A

liquid matrix (plasma), cells/cell fragments

44
Q

Erythrocytes=

Leukocytes=

A

Red blood cells

White blood cells

45
Q

Where are leukocytes found primarily?

A

body tissues

46
Q

How to leukocytes enter blood vessels?

A

Diapedesis

47
Q

What is the average life span of erthrocytes?

A

120 days

48
Q

How many liters of blood do we have in our body? (average amount)

A

5 liters (7-8% of our body weight!)

49
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes? What is the difference?

A

granulocytes/agranulocytes
(Gran= has granular cytoplasm)
(Agra= lack cytoplasmic granules)
granules=small particle sacs that contain digestive microorganisms

50
Q

What are the two leukocytes that are classified as agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

51
Q

What are the two leukocytes that are classified as granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils

52
Q

What two things do erythrocytes transport?

A

CO2 and O2

53
Q

What is hemoglobin, and where is it found?

A

Protein that is in charge of gas exchange- RBC

54
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane? (3 things)

A
  • Alveolar endothelium
  • fused membrane of AE and CE
  • capillary endothelium
55
Q

Why do athletes practice at high altitudes?

A

To increase muscle mass, strength, and RBC count numbers

56
Q

What is blood doping?

A

blood transfusion of athlete’s own blood

57
Q

Thrombocytes are also called what?

A

Platelets

58
Q

What is the purpose of platelets?

A

To initiate clotting and vasoconstriction (stopping bleeding)

59
Q

What are the two circuit circulations of the heart?

A

Systemic and Pulmonary

60
Q

Blood vessels that transport blood

to and from all the body tissues is what?

A

Systemic circulation

61
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood

to and from the lungs is what?

A

Pulmonary Circulation

62
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A 
-Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium (parietal layer, visceral layer)
63
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

64
Q

What separates the atria?

A

interatrial septum

65
Q

What separates the ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

66
Q

What three things dump blood into the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava
– Inferior vena cava
– Coronary sinus

67
Q

What is the largest chamber of the heart?

A

Left ventricle (pushes blood to the rest of the body)

68
Q

What valve is closing when you hear the first sound of a heart beat?

A

The Antrioventricular valves closing

69
Q

What valve is closing when you hear the second sound of a heart beat?

A

The semilunar valves closing

70
Q

Systole is the action of:

A

contraction

71
Q

Diastole is the action of:

A

relaxation (filling)

72
Q

Fast heart rate is also called:

A

tachycardia

73
Q

Slow heart rate is also called:

A

bradychardia

74
Q

What vessels supply oxygen rich blood to the heart? What vessels take oxygen poor blood from the hear to the right atrium?

A

Coronary Arteries

Coronary Veins

75
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A 
Elastic Arteries (conducting)
Muscular Arteries (distributing)
Arterioles
76
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The empty space where the blood flows through the artery

77
Q

What are the largest classification of arteries? the smallest?

A

Elastic; arterioles

78
Q

What classification of arteries has the most “named” arteries?

A

muscular arteries

79
Q

Why are capillaries so important?

A

They communicate with the corresponding tissues of the site-specific funcitons

80
Q

What percent of blood is currently in your veins (at any time)?

A

65%

81
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

veins that are non-functional and cause blood to pool in one area (vein will swell)

82
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

varicose veins (swollen non-functional veins) that are in the anorectal region due to abdominal pressure (child birth, bowel movement)

83
Q

What is vascular anastomoses?

A

places where vessels interconect

84
Q

What is the word for “run together” when referring to arteries and veins?

A

concomintant

85
Q

Systemic circulation is direction from what type of blood flow?

A

Oxygenated blood to the body

86
Q

What 3 arteries branch from aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk artery
Left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
(ABCS)

87
Q

What two branches come off of Brachiocephalic artery?

A

Right common carotid artery

Right subclavian artery

BIO 240 (2 decks)

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