BIO 240 Exam 4 Gonzolaz

Question 1

What does the nervous system use as a means of communication?

Answer 1

Neurotransmitters

Question 2

What does the endocrine system use as a means of communication?

Answer 2

Hormones

Question 3

What do exocrine glands secrete?

Answer 3

sweat/saliva

Question 4

What do endocrine glands secrete?

Answer 4

hormones

Question 5

What are hormones?

Answer 5

chemical triggers that can stimulate other glands; regulate metabolism

Question 6

What are the two types of hormones?

Answer 6

amino acid based hormones

steroid hormones

Question 7

What are the 3 stimulation that trigger hormone response?

Answer 7

Humoral, Neural, Hormonal

Question 8

What is humoral stimulation?

Answer 8

Changes in levels of ions or nutrients

Question 9

What is neural stimulation?

Answer 9

stimulation by nerves

Question 10

What is hormonal stimulation?

Answer 10

stimulation received from other hormones

Question 11

Which feedback system accelerates an original process?

Answer 11

positive feedback

Question 12

Which feedback system slows down a process?

Answer 12

negative feedback

Question 13

Where are endocrine cells found in organs that are not purely endocrine organs?

Answer 13

1. Pancreas
2. Thymus
3. Gonads
4. Hypothalamus
5. Heart
6. GI tract

Question 14

What organs are purely endocrine?

Answer 14

1. Pituitary
2. Pineal
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal

Question 15

What is a tropic hormone?

Answer 15

A hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to secrete hormones

Question 16

What is anterior pituitary gland also know as?

Answer 16

Adenohypophysis

Question 17

What is posterior pituitary gland also know as?

Answer 17

Neurohypophysis

Question 18

Which pituitary gland stores hormone?

Answer 18

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Question 19

Too much of what hormone results in acromegaly(increased size or internal organs, bones, and hands)

Answer 19

Growth Hormone

Question 20

What is the largest gland related to endocrine activities?

Answer 20

Thyroid Gland

Question 21

weight gain, lowered blood pressure, and

hyperplasia are all symptoms of what?

Answer 21

Hypothyroidism

Question 22

excessive thyroid hormone, weight loss, and graves disease are all symptoms of what?

Answer 22

Hyperthyroidism

Question 23

What is the significance of melotonin in the pineal gland?

Answer 23

Regulation of cardian rhythm

Question 24

The adrenal cortex secretes what?

Answer 24

Glucocorticoids

Question 25

What effects does glucocorticoids have on the body?

Answer 25

cortisol production, stimulates metabolism of lipids, proteins and sugars (salt, sex, sugar)

Question 26

What is cortisol?

Answer 26

Stress hormone!

Question 27

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 27

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 28

increase blood pressure, increase heart rate bronchioles dilate glycogen-->glucose metabolic rate increase These are all symptoms of what in the adrenal gland?

Answer 28

Short term stress

Question 29

kidneys retain sodium and water blood volume and blood pressure increase proteins and fats convert to glucose These are all symptoms of what in the adrenal gland?

Answer 29

Long term stress

Question 30

What are exocrine cells called in the pancreas?

Answer 30

Acinar

Question 31

What are endocrine cells called in the pancreas?

Answer 31

Islet

Question 32

Which cells secrete glucagon, and what happens to blood sugar after this?

Answer 32

Alpha cells, raises blood sugar

Question 33

Which cells secrete insulin, and what happens to blood sugar after this?

Answer 33

Beta cells, lowers blood sugar

Question 34

What are the 3 types of Diabetes?

Answer 34

Type I, Type II, and Gestational

Question 35

Where does the stimulation of lymphocyte maturation occur?

Answer 35

Thymus

Question 36

What is the function of renin secretion in the kidney?

Answer 36

to control blood pressure

Question 37

What is the function of erythropoietin secretion in the kidney?

Answer 37

increase red blood cell production in the bone marrow (and liver)

Question 38

What is the function of calcitrol secretion in the kidney?

Answer 38

formation of vitamin D

Question 39

What two systems make up the circulatory system?

Answer 39

cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

Question 40

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

Answer 40

blood, heart, and blood vessels

Question 41

What makes up the lymphatic system?

Answer 41

lymph nodes and lymph vessels

Question 42

What are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 42

1. Transportation 2. Regulation 3. Protection

Question 43

What makes up blood?

Answer 43

liquid matrix (plasma), cells/cell fragments

Question 44

Erythrocytes= | Leukocytes=

Answer 44

Red blood cells | White blood cells

Question 45

Where are leukocytes found primarily?

Answer 45

body tissues

Question 46

How to leukocytes enter blood vessels?

Answer 46

Diapedesis

Question 47

What is the average life span of erthrocytes?

Answer 47

120 days

Question 48

How many liters of blood do we have in our body? (average amount)

Answer 48

5 liters (7-8% of our body weight!)

Question 49

What are the two types of leukocytes? What is the difference?

Answer 49

granulocytes/agranulocytes (Gran= has granular cytoplasm) (Agra= lack cytoplasmic granules) granules=small particle sacs that contain digestive microorganisms

Question 50

What are the two leukocytes that are classified as agranulocytes?

Answer 50

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Question 51

What are the two leukocytes that are classified as granulocytes?

Answer 51

Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils

Question 52

What two things do erythrocytes transport?

Answer 52

CO2 and O2

Question 53

What is hemoglobin, and where is it found?

Answer 53

Protein that is in charge of gas exchange- RBC

Question 54

What makes up the respiratory membrane? (3 things)

Answer 54

- Alveolar endothelium - fused membrane of AE and CE - capillary endothelium

Question 55

Why do athletes practice at high altitudes?

Answer 55

To increase muscle mass, strength, and RBC count numbers

Question 56

What is blood doping?

Answer 56

blood transfusion of athlete’s own blood

Question 57

Thrombocytes are also called what?

Answer 57

Platelets

Question 58

What is the purpose of platelets?

Answer 58

To initiate clotting and vasoconstriction (stopping bleeding)

Question 59

What are the two circuit circulations of the heart?

Answer 59

Systemic and Pulmonary

Question 60

Blood vessels that transport blood | to and from all the body tissues is what?

Answer 60

Systemic circulation

Question 61

Blood vessels that carry blood | to and from the lungs is what?

Answer 61

Pulmonary Circulation

Question 62

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 62

``` -Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium (parietal layer, visceral layer) ```

Question 63

What are the layers of the heart wall?

Answer 63

Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

Question 64

What separates the atria?

Answer 64

interatrial septum

Question 65

What separates the ventricles?

Answer 65

interventricular septum

Question 66

What three things dump blood into the right atrium?

Answer 66

Superior vena cava – Inferior vena cava – Coronary sinus

Question 67

What is the largest chamber of the heart?

Answer 67

Left ventricle (pushes blood to the rest of the body)

Question 68

What valve is closing when you hear the first sound of a heart beat?

Answer 68

The Antrioventricular valves closing

Question 69

What valve is closing when you hear the second sound of a heart beat?

Answer 69

The semilunar valves closing

Question 70

Systole is the action of:

Answer 70

contraction

Question 71

Diastole is the action of:

Answer 71

relaxation (filling)

Question 72

Fast heart rate is also called:

Answer 72

tachycardia

Question 73

Slow heart rate is also called:

Answer 73

bradychardia

Question 74

What vessels supply oxygen rich blood to the heart? What vessels take oxygen poor blood from the hear to the right atrium?

Answer 74

Coronary Arteries | Coronary Veins

Question 75

What are the 3 types of arteries?

Answer 75

``` Elastic Arteries (conducting) Muscular Arteries (distributing) Arterioles ```

Question 76

What is the lumen?

Answer 76

The empty space where the blood flows through the artery

Question 77

What are the largest classification of arteries? the smallest?

Answer 77

Elastic; arterioles

Question 78

What classification of arteries has the most "named" arteries?

Answer 78

muscular arteries

Question 79

Why are capillaries so important?

Answer 79

They communicate with the corresponding tissues of the site-specific funcitons

Question 80

What percent of blood is currently in your veins (at any time)?

Answer 80

65%

Question 81

What are varicose veins?

Answer 81

veins that are non-functional and cause blood to pool in one area (vein will swell)

Question 82

What are hemorrhoids?

Answer 82

varicose veins (swollen non-functional veins) that are in the anorectal region due to abdominal pressure (child birth, bowel movement)

Question 83

What is vascular anastomoses?

Answer 83

places where vessels interconect

Question 84

What is the word for "run together" when referring to arteries and veins?

Answer 84

concomintant

Question 85

Systemic circulation is direction from what type of blood flow?

Answer 85

Oxygenated blood to the body

Question 86

What 3 arteries branch from aortic arch?

Answer 86

Brachiocephalic trunk artery Left common carotid artery left subclavian artery (ABCS)

Question 87

What two branches come off of Brachiocephalic artery?

Answer 87

Right common carotid artery | Right subclavian artery