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BIO 240 Exam 2 Gonzolaz Flashcards

1
Q

What do melanocytes produce? What is the significance of that?

A

Melanin

skin color pigmentation

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2
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

Keratin (protein!)

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3
Q

Which is the type of tissue in the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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4
Q

What are fingerprints formed by?

A

Dermal papilla and epidermal ridges

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5
Q

What are lines of cleavage?

A

(stretch marks) collagen fibers that are torn

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6
Q

Why are collagen fibers going in different directions?

A

To give resistance, strength, and flexibility

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7
Q

Endochondral Formation

A

Mesenchyme –> cartilage –> bone

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8
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Mesenchyme –> bone

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9
Q

What are rickets? What are risk factors/effects of rickets?

A

deficiency of vitamin D
*Poor nutrition,Ca cannot be absorbed (from GI tract to circulatory system
Soft weak bones

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10
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Loss of total bone mass, including matrix

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11
Q

What activity is responsible for osteoporosis?

A

Osteoclast activity > than osteoblast activity

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12
Q

What bones in the facial area are paired? What are the two that are not?

A

Paired: maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, interior nasal conchae.
Unpaired: mandible and vomer

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13
Q

Where does diametric growth occur? Vertical growth

A

Periosteum of diaphysis, epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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14
Q

Name the specific layers of the Epidermis.

A 
Stratum Corneum
*Stratum Lucidum*
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
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15
Q

Where is keratin produced?

A

Stratum Granulosum

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16
Q

What is special about stratum lucidum?

A

Located on palms and soles only

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17
Q

What are the specific layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

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18
Q

Dermatoglyphics is the study of what?

A

Fingerprints

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19
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

  • Adipose connective tissue
  • Highly vascular!!!!
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20
Q

What muscle causes goosebumps?

A

Arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle!)

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A

Lanugo (baby), Vellus (short fine hair=peach fuzz), Terminal (longer and definitive, on our heads)

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22
Q

Merocrine glands are also called ________ glands

A

Eccrine

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23
Q

Merocrine/eccrine glands secreatroy vesicles release their contents via ________.

A

Exocytosis

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24
Q

Sutural Bones:

A

Extra bones within the sutures of the skull

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25
Seasmoid Bones
Bones that develop from tendons (ex. patella)
26
What is mesenchyme?
first connective tissue to emerge, gives origin to all other tissues. *mother tissue*
27
What are cartilage cells called, and what are the spaces holding them called?
Chondrocytes & Lacunae
28
What is the external layer of the perichondrium made of?
dense irregular connective | tissue
29
Ligaments connect what, and do what?
bone to bone; prevent movement
30
Tendons connect what, and do what?
muscle to bone; promote movement
31
What gives bones flexibility?
Collagenous fibers
32
What gives bones their hardness?
calcium phosphate | in matrix
33
What type of cell is... - derived from mesenchyme (osteogenic cells) - secrete collagen & matrix (called osteoid) - secrete hormones that regulate sugar metabolism
Osteoblasts
34
What type of cell.... modified monocytes (WBC), large, multinuclear -bone resorbing cells -release lysosomal enzymes -secrete acid to dissolve mineral portion of bone (osteolysis)
Osteoclasts
35
What type of cell.... mature cells formed when matrix surrounds osteoblats -trapped in lacunae
Osteocytes
36
What bones does hemopoiesis occur in adults?
Flat Bones
37
Sharpey's fibers are also called ________ fibers. | Volkmann's canals are also called _________canals.
Perforating fibers, perforating canals
38
Where is yellow or red bone marrow found?
Spongy Bone
39
When does Ossification begin
by 4th week of prenatal development | some until early twenties
40
Develops from models of hyaline cartilage | *Most skeleton develops this way
Endochondral Ossificaiton
41
* develops from mesenchyme, not from cartilage | * some bones of skull, clavicles, sesamoid bones
Intramembranous Ossificaiton
42
What are the 5 cavities in the skull?
Frontal, Nasal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Vomer
43
What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
Lighten facial bones, resonance for voice
44
How to differentiate between vertebrae?
Cervical (bifid spinous process, transverse foramen) Thoracic (costal facets) Lumbar (large body)
45
``` # True Ribs # False Ribs # Floating Ribs ```
1-7 8-10 11-12
46
What are the primary and secondary curvatures?
Primary: C-shaped at birth Secondary: cervical and lumbar
47
What are 3 types of abnormal spinal curvature?
Scolliosis, hyperkyphosis, hyperlordosis.
48
What percent of hight from the vertebral column comes from intervertebral discs?
25%
49
What two bones makes up the pectoral girdle?
The scapula and clavicle
50
What is the only bone that articulates the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton?
The clavicle
51
Humerus is to ___________ Ulna & Radius is to __________ Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges is to ____________
H=Brachium U&R=Antebrachium C, M, P=Hand
52
Proximal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with the __________
humerus
53
Distal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with the ______
carpals
54
What two bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum and Os Coxae (ilium, ischium, pubis)
55
What 3 things differentiate a male or female pelvic girdle?
-Subpubic angle – Body of pubis – Greater sciatic notch and auricular surfaces
56
Big toe is to _______ as thumb is to _______
Big Toe= hallux | Thumb= pollux
57
What is the study of joints called?
Arthology
58
What two things classify a joint?
Function/Structure
59
Synarthroses= | function
No movement (skull)—Axial skeleton
60
Amphiarthroses- | function
Slightly movable due to stress/twisting | (intervertebral discs)—Axial skeleton
61
Diarthroses- | function
Freely movable joints—Appendicular skeleton | all synovial joints; e.g., knee, hip joint
62
Fibrous | structure
Dense regular connective tissue (i.e. ligaments) No cavity, little if any movement e.g., skull, ulna/radius, teeth/sockets
63
Cartilaginous | structure
Joints held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage. No cavity, slightly mov. e. g., first rib/sternum
64
Synovial | structure
Joints held together by fibrous capsule forming synovial cavity. *Most common, most movable e.g., knee joint
65
What are the 3 types of Fibrous joints?
Sutures (skull), syndesmoses (interosseous membrane), gomphoses (teeth)
66
What are the 2 types of Cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses (epiphyseal plate), sympheses (pubic symphysis)
67
What type of cartilage makes up synchondroses?
Hyaline cartliage
68
What type of cartilage makes up symphyses?
Fibrocartilage
69
When are synovial joints formed?
3rd month of fetal development
70
What two structures make up the articular capsule of synovial joints?
Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
71
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
filtrate plasma, lubrication, clean, nourish, absorbs | impact, prevent ossification in cartilage
72
What is the function of the meniscus?
absorb shock by the knees
73
What is the function of bursa sacs?
lubricate points to reduce friction, and to dissipate force
74
What is a tendon sheath?
An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
75
What 3 factors influence the stability of synovial joints?
1. Articular surfaces (fit together) 2. Ligaments (prevent movement) 3. Muscle tone
76
examples of Nonaxial joints
Plane joints, carpals, tarsals
77
Examples of uniaxial joints
``` hinge joints (humerus and ulna) pivot joints (ulna and radius) ```
78
Example of biaxial joints
saddle joint (thumb) and condylar joint (knuckle/wrist)
79
example of multiaxial joints
ball and socket joints (hip, shoulder)

BIO 240 (2 decks)

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