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BIO 240 > BIO 240 Exam 2 Gonzolaz > Flashcards

BIO 240 Exam 2 Gonzolaz Flashcards

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1
Q

What do melanocytes produce? What is the significance of that?

A

Melanin

skin color pigmentation

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2
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

Keratin (protein!)

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3
Q

Which is the type of tissue in the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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4
Q

What are fingerprints formed by?

A

Dermal papilla and epidermal ridges

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5
Q

What are lines of cleavage?

A

(stretch marks) collagen fibers that are torn

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6
Q

Why are collagen fibers going in different directions?

A

To give resistance, strength, and flexibility

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7
Q

Endochondral Formation

A

Mesenchyme –> cartilage –> bone

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8
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Mesenchyme –> bone

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9
Q

What are rickets? What are risk factors/effects of rickets?

A

deficiency of vitamin D
*Poor nutrition,Ca cannot be absorbed (from GI tract to circulatory system
Soft weak bones

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10
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Loss of total bone mass, including matrix

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11
Q

What activity is responsible for osteoporosis?

A

Osteoclast activity > than osteoblast activity

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12
Q

What bones in the facial area are paired? What are the two that are not?

A

Paired: maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, interior nasal conchae.
Unpaired: mandible and vomer

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13
Q

Where does diametric growth occur? Vertical growth

A

Periosteum of diaphysis, epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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14
Q

Name the specific layers of the Epidermis.

A 
Stratum Corneum
*Stratum Lucidum*
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
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15
Q

Where is keratin produced?

A

Stratum Granulosum

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16
Q

What is special about stratum lucidum?

A

Located on palms and soles only

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17
Q

What are the specific layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

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18
Q

Dermatoglyphics is the study of what?

A

Fingerprints

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19
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

  • Adipose connective tissue
  • Highly vascular!!!!
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20
Q

What muscle causes goosebumps?

A

Arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle!)

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A

Lanugo (baby), Vellus (short fine hair=peach fuzz), Terminal (longer and definitive, on our heads)

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22
Q

Merocrine glands are also called ________ glands

A

Eccrine

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23
Q

Merocrine/eccrine glands secreatroy vesicles release their contents via ________.

A

Exocytosis

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24
Q

Sutural Bones:

A

Extra bones within the sutures of the skull

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25
Q

Seasmoid Bones

A

Bones that develop from tendons (ex. patella)

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26
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

first connective tissue to emerge, gives origin to all other tissues. mother tissue

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27
Q

What are cartilage cells called, and what are the spaces holding them called?

A

Chondrocytes & Lacunae

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28
Q

What is the external layer of the perichondrium made of?

A

dense irregular connective

tissue

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29
Q

Ligaments connect what, and do what?

A

bone to bone; prevent movement

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30
Q

Tendons connect what, and do what?

A

muscle to bone; promote movement

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31
Q

What gives bones flexibility?

A

Collagenous fibers

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32
Q

What gives bones their hardness?

A

calcium phosphate

in matrix

33
Q

What type of cell is…

  • derived from mesenchyme (osteogenic cells)
  • secrete collagen & matrix (called osteoid)
  • secrete hormones that regulate sugar metabolism
A

Osteoblasts

34
Q

What type of cell….
modified monocytes (WBC), large, multinuclear
-bone resorbing cells
-release lysosomal enzymes
-secrete acid to dissolve mineral portion of bone (osteolysis)

A

Osteoclasts

35
Q

What type of cell….
mature cells formed when matrix surrounds osteoblats
-trapped in lacunae

A

Osteocytes

36
Q

What bones does hemopoiesis occur in adults?

A

Flat Bones

37
Q

Sharpey’s fibers are also called ________ fibers.

Volkmann’s canals are also called _________canals.

A

Perforating fibers, perforating canals

38
Q

Where is yellow or red bone marrow found?

A

Spongy Bone

39
Q

When does Ossification begin

A

by 4th week of prenatal development

some until early twenties

40
Q

Develops from models of hyaline cartilage

*Most skeleton develops this way

A

Endochondral Ossificaiton

41
Q
  • develops from mesenchyme, not from cartilage

* some bones of skull, clavicles, sesamoid bones

A

Intramembranous Ossificaiton

42
Q

What are the 5 cavities in the skull?

A

Frontal, Nasal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Vomer

43
Q

What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten facial bones, resonance for voice

44
Q

How to differentiate between vertebrae?

A

Cervical (bifid spinous process, transverse foramen)
Thoracic (costal facets)
Lumbar (large body)

45
Q 
# True Ribs
# False Ribs
# Floating Ribs
A

1-7
8-10
11-12

46
Q

What are the primary and secondary curvatures?

A

Primary: C-shaped at birth
Secondary: cervical and lumbar

47
Q

What are 3 types of abnormal spinal curvature?

A

Scolliosis, hyperkyphosis, hyperlordosis.

48
Q

What percent of hight from the vertebral column comes from intervertebral discs?

A

25%

49
Q

What two bones makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

The scapula and clavicle

50
Q

What is the only bone that articulates the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton?

A

The clavicle

51
Q

Humerus is to ___________
Ulna & Radius is to __________
Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges is to ____________

A

H=Brachium
U&R=Antebrachium
C, M, P=Hand

52
Q

Proximal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with the __________

A

humerus

53
Q

Distal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with the ______

A

carpals

54
Q

What two bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum and Os Coxae (ilium, ischium, pubis)

55
Q

What 3 things differentiate a male or female pelvic girdle?

A

-Subpubic angle
– Body of pubis
– Greater sciatic notch and auricular surfaces

56
Q

Big toe is to _______ as thumb is to _______

A

Big Toe= hallux

Thumb= pollux

57
Q

What is the study of joints called?

A

Arthology

58
Q

What two things classify a joint?

A

Function/Structure

59
Q

Synarthroses=

function

A

No movement (skull)—Axial skeleton

60
Q

Amphiarthroses-

function

A

Slightly movable due to stress/twisting

(intervertebral discs)—Axial skeleton

61
Q

Diarthroses-

function

A

Freely movable joints—Appendicular skeleton

all synovial joints; e.g., knee, hip joint

62
Q

Fibrous

structure

A

Dense regular connective tissue (i.e. ligaments)
No cavity, little if any movement
e.g., skull, ulna/radius, teeth/sockets

63
Q

Cartilaginous

structure

A

Joints held together by hyaline or

fibrocartilage. No cavity, slightly mov.
e. g., first rib/sternum

64
Q

Synovial

structure

A

Joints held together by fibrous capsule forming
synovial cavity.
*Most common, most movable
e.g., knee joint

65
Q

What are the 3 types of Fibrous joints?

A

Sutures (skull), syndesmoses (interosseous membrane), gomphoses (teeth)

66
Q

What are the 2 types of Cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses (epiphyseal plate), sympheses (pubic symphysis)

67
Q

What type of cartilage makes up synchondroses?

A

Hyaline cartliage

68
Q

What type of cartilage makes up symphyses?

A

Fibrocartilage

69
Q

When are synovial joints formed?

A

3rd month of fetal development

70
Q

What two structures make up the articular capsule of synovial joints?

A

Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane

71
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

filtrate plasma, lubrication, clean, nourish, absorbs

impact, prevent ossification in cartilage

72
Q

What is the function of the meniscus?

A

absorb shock by the knees

73
Q

What is the function of bursa sacs?

A

lubricate points to reduce friction, and to dissipate force

74
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

75
Q

What 3 factors influence the stability of synovial joints?

A
  1. Articular surfaces (fit together)
  2. Ligaments (prevent movement)
  3. Muscle tone
76
Q

examples of Nonaxial joints

A

Plane joints, carpals, tarsals

77
Q

Examples of uniaxial joints

A 
hinge joints (humerus and ulna)
pivot joints (ulna and radius)
78
Q

Example of biaxial joints

A

saddle joint (thumb) and condylar joint (knuckle/wrist)

79
Q

example of multiaxial joints

A

ball and socket joints (hip, shoulder)

BIO 240 (2 decks)

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