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Biology 204 > BIO 204 - Animals > Flashcards

BIO 204 - Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals

A

Multicellular eukaryotes, no cell wall, heterotrophs.

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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Ingest their food, rather than absorb it.

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3
Q

Multicellular advantages

A

1) divisions of labor
2) more efficient respiration
3) larger growth
4) damaged calls can be repaired

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4
Q

Collagen

A

Protein that holds groups of cells together.

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5
Q

Tissues

A

Unit of cells that function together.

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Used by most animals, diploid dominant.

fertilization = zygote in blastula –> gastrulation –> endoderm/ectoderm

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7
Q

Embryonic germ layers

A

Cell layers that give rise to tissue in adults.
- diplontic: 2 layers, radial animals
- triplontic: 3 layers, bilateral animals (like humans)

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8
Q

Ectoderm

A

Covers surface of embryo.

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9
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost layer.

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10
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer in bilateral animals.

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11
Q

Coelem

A

Fluid filled cavity in most triploblastic animals, provide room for ogan development, absorb nutrients/gasses, act as hydrostatic skeleton, increase body size.

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12
Q

Coelmates

A

Posses true coelem.

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13
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Coelem not completely lined by mesoderm.

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14
Q

Acoelomates

A

Lack fluid filled cavity.

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15
Q

Animal early development

A

Protostomes vs deuterostomes, based on cleavage of the zygote.

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16
Q

Protostomes

A

Mesoderm seperates, blastopore becomes mouth.

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17
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Mesoderm folds, blastopore becomes anus.

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18
Q

Larvae

A

Immature forms that are morphologically different from the adult.

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19
Q

Body symmetry

A

Radial or bilateral.

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20
Q

5 Animal key points

A

1) all animals share a common ancestor
2) sponges = animal sister taxa
3) true animals have true tissues
4) most animals in Bilateria clade
5) animals are either invertabretes or vertabretes

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21
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Boom of diverse organisms 530 million years ago, time when today’s animals evolved

more plants –> more photosynthesis –> more oxygen –> more animals

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22
Q

Bilaterians

A

Bilateral symmetry, complete gut system with mouth and anus.

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23
Q

Choanoflagelletes

A

Sister taxa of metazoa, unicellular, heterotrophic, filter feeders, use flagellus to capture food.

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24
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges.

Aquiferous system, spicules, no true tissues, filter feeders, non-motile, reproduce sexually or asexually.

Importance: water filtration, sturctures for habitat of other animals, human medicines

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25
Q

True tissue

A

Cells organized to perform a certain function, attached to a fibrous mat.

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26
Q

Aquiferous system

A

Pores that transfer water, food, gas.

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27
Q

Spicules

A

Strong structure made out of calcium carbonate, silica, or spongin.

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28
Q

Porifera reproduction

A

Sexual: male and female cells in one organism

Asexual: budding and fragmentation

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29
Q

Ctenophora

A

Comb jellies.
- diploblastic
- motile
- sister taxa of cnidaria

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30
Q

Eumetazoa

A

All animals except sponges.

True tissues, gastrovascular cavity, nervous system, body symmetry.

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31
Q

Cnidaria

A

Jellies, sea anemones, hydrozoa, coral, etc.

Diploblastic, radial symmetry, nerve net, stinging stuctures, gastrovascular cavity.

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32
Q

Nerve net

A

Noncentralized nervous system, no brain.

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33
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

One opening for digestion/excretion, acts as hydrostatic skeleton.

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34
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Cells unique to cnidarians, capture prey, contain cnidae.

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35
Q

Cnidae

A

Organelles that explode outward in cnidarians.
- most common: nematocytes (have toxins)

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36
Q

Polymorphism

A

Cnidarian body forms:
1) Polyp – sessile (ex. anemones)
2) Medusa – motile (ex. jellyfish)

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37
Q

3 Medusazoa groups

A

Hydrozoans, scyphozoas, cubaozoans.

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38
Q

Hydrozoans

A

Class of jellyfish.

  • polyps as adults
  • colonial
  • alteration of generations
  • mostly marine
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39
Q

Scyphozoans

A

Large jellies.
“cup animals”
- four oral lobes
- dioecious

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40
Q

Cubozoans

A

Cube/box jellies.
- cube-shaped bodies
- good hunters

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41
Q

Anthozoa

A

Anemones, corals, sea fans, sea pens.

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42
Q

Anemones

A
  • solutary
  • tentacles around oral disc that lead to pharynx (throat)
  • mutualistic with some crabs and fish
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43
Q

Stony corals

A
  • colonial
  • calcareous cups
  • symbiotic with zooxanthelle
  • make up coral reefs – most diverse/productive communities on Earth!
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44
Q

Coral bleaching

A

Coral expels zooxanthelle –> can not photosynthesize –> starvation –> death.

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45
Q

Alteration of generations in hydrozoa

A

Switches between asexual polyp and sexual medusa.

sessile polyp reprodues asexually by budding medusa –> medusa resproduce sexually to produce new polyps

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46
Q

Cephalization

A

Formation of the head region, indicated direction of movement, has special senses that can develop into a brain.

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47
Q

Lophotrophozoa

A

Develop lophophore or go through tochophore larvae stage, or neither.

Types: platyhelminthes, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, annelids.

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48
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flat worms.

  • increased surface area –> increased water/gas exchange
  • triplolastic
  • reproduce asexually (regeneration) or sexually (monoecius)
  • free living (use cilia to move)
  • symbiotic or parasitic
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49
Q

Mollusca

A

Chitons, gastropods, cepholapods, bivalvia.

  • soft bodies
  • most secrete calcareous shell
  • diverse

Main body parts: foot, mantle, visceral mass, radula.

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50
Q

Visceral mass

A

Organs + mantle.

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51
Q

Foot

A

Used for locomotion, varies in shape.

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52
Q

Mantle

A

Doral layer of skin, secretes shell.

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53
Q

Radula

A

Toothed tongue used to scrape food.

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54
Q

Chiton

A
  • 8 plates
  • adhere strongly to surfaces
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55
Q

Gastropods

A

Snails, slugs.

  • coiled shell
  • cephalization
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56
Q

Cephalopods

A

Octopus, squid, cuttlefish.

  • extensive ganglia
  • internal shell or lost shell entirely
  • tentacles
  • beak like jaws
  • ink sac
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57
Q

Bivalves

A

Clams, oysters, etc.

  • 2 shells
  • filter feeding
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58
Q

Annelids

A

Segmented worms (ie. earth worms, leeches, tube worms)

  • metameric segmentation
  • setae

2 clades: errantia, sedentaria.

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59
Q

Errantia

A

Type of annelid.

  • motile
  • marine
  • body segments
  • parapodia used for locomotion
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60
Q

Sedentaria

A

Type of annelid.

  • less/non motile
  • burrow into soil
  • gills for filter feeding

Ex. Lumbricidae (earth worms):
- monocious
- clitellum for reproduction
- extract soil nutrients
- aerate soil

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61
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationship between two different organisms.

  • Mutualism: + +
  • Commensalism: + 0
  • Parasitism: + -
  • Competition: - -
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62
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Protostome bilaterian animals that shed a cuticle.

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63
Q

Cuticle

A

Tough exoskeleton, molted as the animals grows.

  • Ecdysis: process when an animal grows a new cuticle
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64
Q

Clades of ecdysozoa

A

Nematoda, arthropoda, onycophora, tardigrada

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65
Q

Nematoda

A

Round worms.

  • no legs
  • exoskeleton made of collagen
  • no circulatory system
  • nutrients move through hemocoel
  • longitudinal muscles
  • free-living/mutualistic/parasitic
  • live in variety of habitats
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66
Q

Arthropoda

A

Arachnids, crustaceans, insects.

  • live in all habitats
  • body plan = segmented body + hard exoskeleton + jointed appendages
  • chtin in exoskeleton
  • compound eyes
  • open circulatory system
  • respirate using book lungs or pores
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67
Q

Arthropoda life cycles

A
  • Complete metamorphosis = 4 stages
  • Incomplete metamophosis = 3 stages
  • Direct development
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68
Q

Arthropoda major lineages

A

Chelicerates, myriapods, pancrustaceans

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69
Q

Chelicerates

A

Sea spiders, horeshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders.

  • claw-like feeding appendages
  • lack antenae
  • simple eyes
  • 6 pairs of appendages (1 pair = fangs, 1 pair = sensing, 4 pairs = walking)
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70
Q

Myriapods

A

Millipedes and centipedes.

  • pair of head antena
  • 3 pairs of appendages for mouthparts
  • each body segment has one pair of legs
  • Millipedes: legs are partially fused, eat plant matter
  • Centipedes: carnivorous, have poison
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71
Q

Pancrustaceans

A

Crustaceans and hexapods.

Crustaceans (crabs, lobster, shrimp, barnacles):
- marine/freshwater/terrestrial
- specialized appendages
- 2 pair of antennae
- walking legs on thorax
- have a “tail”

Hexapods (flea, earwig, ant, dragonfly, butterfly):
- wings allow flight
- 6 legs
- 3 body parts = head + thorax + abdomen
- pair of head antennae
- mandible as mouth on head

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72
Q

Appendage uses

A

Sensory, locomotion, defense, offense, feeding.

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73
Q

Protostome development

A
  • Cleavage = spiral, determinate
  • Coelom formation: solid mass of mesoderm
  • Blastopore –> mouth
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74
Q

Deuterostome development

A
  • Cleavage = radial, indeterminate
  • Coelom formation: folds of archenteron
  • Blastopore –> anus
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75
Q

Deuterostome characteristics

A
  • bilaterian
  • anus develops from blastopore
  • dorsal nerve cord
  • radial cleavage
  • embryonic cells are indeterminate
  • coelom is well developed
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76
Q

Acorn worms

A
  • deposit/suspension feeders
  • mucus coated proboscis traps food
  • proboscis extends and retracts into collar
  • trunk contains organs
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77
Q

Pterobranchia

A
  • colonial
  • live in collagen tubes
  • suspension feeders (food caught in mucus covered tentacles)
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78
Q

Echinodermata

A

Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers.
“spiny skin”

  • exclusively marine
  • sexual reproduction (males/females release gametes into water)
  • pentaradial symmetry
  • water vascular system
  • calcareous exoskeleton
  • have a coelom
  • dioecious
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79
Q

Pentaradial symmetry

A

Secondarily derived radial symmetry, no head, 5-fold symmetry around central disk

Juviniles have bilateral symmetry

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80
Q

Regular echinoids

A

Have pentaradial symmetry.

ex. sea urchins, sea stars

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81
Q

Irregular echinoids

A

Have radial symmetry

ex. sand dollars

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82
Q

Water vascular system

A

Network of canals with tube, hydrostatic water pressure, madreporite

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83
Q

Tube feet

A

Used for locomotion/feeding/respiration, found in ambulacral grooves

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84
Q

Madreporite

A

Sieve for water input in a water vascular system

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85
Q

Calcareous exoskeleton

A

Test comprising small plates (ossicles).
- bound together with collagen
- covered by epidermis (pincer-like spines used for defense/debris removal)

86
Q

Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins, sand dollars.

  • oral side down
  • moveable spines/tube feet
  • “gills” around mouth
  • complex mouthparts (Aristole’s lantern)
  • mostly nonvenomous
87
Q

Aristotle’s lantern

A

Mouth part for chewing and breaking down prey

88
Q

Asteroidea

A

Sea stars.

  • oral surface down
  • madreporite/anus on aboral surface
  • arms extend from central disk
  • carnivores
89
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers.

  • elongated body
  • oral side forward/down
  • tube feet on the sides of the body
  • reduced skeleton
  • internal respritory organs
  • eat algae/microscopic animals
  • defend themselves through evisceration
90
Q

Evisceration

A

Defense mechanism, eject internal organs from anus at attacker

91
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Brittle stars.

  • distinct central disk
  • long/flexible arms
  • found in all oceans
  • very mobile
92
Q

Crinoidea

A

Sea lilies, feather stars.

  • feed on plankton
  • mostly deep ocean
93
Q

Chordata

A

Deuterostome bilaterian animals, include lacelets, tunicates, vertabretes.

  • ecologically diverse
  • marine/freshwater/terrestrial
  • free living/parasitic
  • herbivores
  • predatory suspension feeders

4 KEY SYNAPOMORPHIES
1) notocord
2) dorsal hollow nerve cord
3) phayngeal slits
4) post anal tail

94
Q

Notochord

A

Flexible rod, provides support.

95
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Constitutes central nervous system (brain + spinal cord)

96
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Series of arches open to the outside, for feeding/breathing.

97
Q

Post anal tail

A

Used for locomotion

98
Q

3 Chordate clades

A

Cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata.

99
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Lancelets.
“head cord”

  • earliest chordata
  • filter feed
  • segmented muscles
100
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates.
“tail cord”

  • filter feed
  • metamorphose
  • motile as larvae/sessile as adults
101
Q

Hox Genes

A

Key role in development of body plan, responsible for anterior swelling of lancelet nerve cord.

102
Q

Vertabrata

A

Includes cyclostomata and gnathostomata.

  • 2+ sets of hox genes
  • vertebrae
  • endoskeleton = bone + cartilage
  • neautral crest
  • myoglobin
103
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible connective tissue with collagen.

104
Q

Bone

A

Rigid connective tissue, mineralized calcium phosphate

105
Q

Neutral crest

A

Collection of cells at edge of embryo tube

106
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein in muscles that stores oxygen.

107
Q

Cyclostomata

A

Jawless fish.
“Round mouth”

  • lack jaws/backbone

Myxini and petromyzontida

108
Q

Myxini

A

Hagfish.

  • scavengers
  • notochord
  • cartilage skull
  • produce slime as defense
  • knot themselves
109
Q

Petromyzontida

A

Lampreys.
“stone sucker”

  • parasitic
  • no bones
  • freshwater
  • migrate to sea
110
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Jawed vertabrates.
“jaw mouth”

  • jaws to grab food
  • paired appendages
  • 4 hox genes
111
Q

Origin of jaws

A

Developed from skeletal support of pharyngeal slits.

112
Q

Paired appendages

A

For locomotion and greater range of movement/control.

ex. pectoral fins and pelvin fins

113
Q

Lateral line system

A

Detects motion in water, helps with navigation and prey detection.

Only in cartilagnous fish, bony fish, some amphibians

114
Q

2 clades of gnathostomata

A

1) Chondrichthyes
2) Osteichthyes

115
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Ratfish, sharks, skates/rays
“cartilage fish”

  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • some covered in mineralized tiles for strength
  • shark skin made up of dermal denticles for swimming faster
  • electroreceptors for foraging/navigation
  • internal fertilization
116
Q

External fertilization

A

Energetically efficint, lots of offspring, offsprings unprotected, environmentally contrained.

117
Q

Internal fertilization

A

Protects offspring, parental care, few obstacles for egg to meet sperm, energetically expensive, fewer offspring.

118
Q

Ovoviviparous reproduction

A

Eggs retained in female, recieve no nutrients from mother during development

ex. great white shark

119
Q

Viviparous reproduction

A

Embryos develop within and get nutrients from mother.

ex. bull sharks

120
Q

Oviparous reproduction

A

Eggs hatch after being laid.

ex. horned sharks

121
Q

Selachimorpha

A

Sharks.

  • upper jaw not fused to skull
  • many rows of teeth
  • replaceable teeth
122
Q

Osteichthyhes

A

Bony fish.

  • ocerculum
  • air sac

2 types: actinopterygii, sarcopterygii

123
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Eels, herrings, anchovies, seahorses.
“ray fin”

Marine/freshwater, oviparous

124
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Lungfish, tetrapoda.
‘“fleshy fin”

  • fleshy limbs
  • internal bones
  • rise of paired limbs in tetrapods (forelimb + hindlimb)
125
Q

Exaptions in vertabretes

A

Shift in the function of a trait during evolution.

Pharyngeal slits, mineralized tissues, fleshy limbs.

126
Q

Tetrapoda

A

“Four feet,” limbs with fingers and toes adapted for terrestrial movement, 3+ chambered heart.

127
Q

Challenges from water to land & tetrapoda solutions

A

1) respriration – lungs, internal notstril, skin
2) support and movement – strenghten pectoral/pelvic limbs
3) senses – hearing to detect airborne sounds
4) water retention/waste managment – concetrate waste products
5) reproduction – in water for amphibians, metamorphosis

128
Q

Advantages of terrestrial life

A

1) avoid competition
2) find food
3) access to atmospheric oxygen
4) escape predators

129
Q

Tetrapoda major clades

A

Amphibia and Amniota

130
Q

Amphibia

A

1st terrestrial vertabretes, smooth skin with glands for repriration, warning coloration.

131
Q

Frogs

A

“no tail”

  • hind legs for juming
  • long sticky tongues
  • vocal prouches
  • buccal bump for respiration/vocalization
  • mostly oviparous
  • develop from tadpole (aquatic) to frog (terrestrical) through metamorphosis
132
Q

Salamanders

A

“conspicuous tail”

  • internal fertilization
  • mostly oviparous
  • varying shapes/sizes
133
Q

Caecilians

A

“no feet”

  • burrowers
  • reduced eyes
  • live in tropics
  • internal fertilization
  • viviparous
134
Q

Amniota

A
  • animals with a membrane around fetus
  • fully terrestrial
  • anmiotic egg to protect fetus
  • internal fertilization
  • kidneys/large intestine for waste retentinon
  • rib cage, sternum, ankle bones
135
Q

Amniotic egg components

A
  • amnion: fluid filled sac
  • allantois: waste disposal
  • chorion: gas exchange
  • yolk sac: food supply
  • albumen: protects yolk
  • shell: protection
136
Q

3-chambered heart

A

In some reptiles, all amphibians.

137
Q

4-chambered heart

A

In some reptiles, all mammals.

138
Q

Double circuit circulation

A

Pulmonary/de-oxygenated or systematic/oxygenated

139
Q

Temporal fenestration

A

Windows in the skull.

  • Anapsid: no windows (ex. turtles)
  • Synapsid: 1 window (ex. mammals)
  • Diapsid: 2 windows (ex. lizards, croc, dinos)
140
Q

Temperature regulation

A

In reptiles and mammals, internal mechanisms to control the body (endothermy)

141
Q

Reptilia

A
  • overlapping scales made of keratin
  • internal fertilization
  • lay eggs on land
142
Q

Tenstudines

A

Turtles.
“shell”

  • 2 part bony shell (carapase + palstron)
  • teeth are lost
  • herbivorous or carnivorous
  • terrestrial or aquatic
  • oviparous, no parental care
143
Q

Lepidosauria

A

“scaly lizard”

Have a kinetic skull.

144
Q

Snakes and lizards

A
  • tongues move air towards olfactory organs
  • some are venomous
  • modified teeth
  • heat sensory
145
Q

Archosauria

A

“lead lizard”

  • 4 chambered heart
  • nest building
  • parental care
  • secondary bony palate.

Include birds and crocs.

146
Q

Birds

A
  • warm blooded
  • specialized lungs and air sacs
  • feathers, hollow bones
  • toothless beaks
  • good eyesight
  • internal fertilization
  • oviparous, parents incubate eggs
147
Q

Bird diversity

A

Bird modifications –> more efficient flight.

  • Flight: hovering vs soaring vs flightless
  • Eating: filter feeding vs flesh tearing vs crushing
148
Q

Mammals

A

Synapsid amniotes.

149
Q

Synapsida

A
  • temporal fenestra
  • sprawling stature
  • no hair
  • lay eggs
150
Q

Early mammalia

A

~ 167 mya
- small
- nocturnal
- englarged brain and olfactory bulbs for smell

151
Q

Mammalia

A

~ 6,400 species, diversity of habitat and body size
“breast”

  • mammary glands
  • hair
  • lower jaw with 1 bone
  • 3 ear bones (2 eveolved from jaw)
  • endothermic
    – efficient respritory/cirulatory systmes
  • teeth
  • high arental hair
  • fat layer under skin
  • efficient kidneys
152
Q

Mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands, produce milk, delivered via nipples or skin glands

Milk rich in fat, sugar, protein, minerals, vitamins

153
Q

Hair

A

Homologous to feathers, evolved for tactile sensation and insulation

Specialization: vibrissae (whiskers), camoflague, warning

154
Q

Vibrissae

A

Whiskers.

  • sensory hairs
  • around face
  • larger than most body hairs
155
Q

Endothermic

A

Regulate body temperature, convergent evolution with birds

156
Q

Mammal respritory/circulatory systems

A

4 chambered heart, aorta branches, oxygen delivery enhanced, ribcage ventilation with muscular diaphraghm, 2-way air track (inhale/exhale)

157
Q

Mammal teeth

A

Various shapes based on function, 2+ generations of teeth

158
Q

Fat layer under mammal skin

A

For insulation and water conservation

159
Q

Efficient kidneys in mammals

A

Concerve water, remove waste

160
Q

Mammalia clades

A

Monotremata and theria

161
Q

Monotremata

A

“one hole”

  • common anal/urogenital opening
  • milk secreted by glands
  • lack teeth
  • limbs on side
  • oviparous but have parental care
  • lay amniotic eggs
162
Q

Theria

A

Marsupials and placentals.

  • external ear flaps
  • seperate anal/urogentical openings
  • males have external gonads
  • milk delivered via nipples
  • embryo connected to mother via placenta (for nutrient exchange)
163
Q

Theria clades

A

Marsupialia and eutherians

164
Q

Marsulialia

A

Opossums, kangaroos, koalas
“pouched”

  • yold sac placenta
  • embryo is hairless and blind
  • viviparous
  • yound born in early stage of development
165
Q

Eutherians

A

Elephants, manatees, anteaters, sloths, rodents, primates, carnivors, bats, whales, hoofed animals.

  • egg implants into uterine wall
  • trophoblast develops placenta
  • young born in late stage of development
166
Q

Primates

A

Humans closest extant relatives (share 98.7% of DNA)

  • forward facing eyes for depth perception
  • opposoable thumbs for gransping
  • large brain
  • well developed cerebral cortex
  • flattened nails, rather than claws
167
Q

Chirptera

A

Bats.

  • only true flying mammals
168
Q

Form

A

Anatomy.

Biological form of an organism.

169
Q

Function

A

Physiology.

Biological functions an organism performs.

170
Q

Cell membranes

A

Passes through nutrients, gasses, wastes.
- rate of exchange: cell’s surface area
- amount of exchange materials: cell’s volume

171
Q

Flat animals

A

All cells in contact with environment –> more surface area

172
Q

Complex organisms

A

Adaptations to increase surface area, interstital fluid for material exchange in vertabretes.

173
Q

Animal body order

A

Cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system

174
Q

Tissue structures

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

175
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines surface of body/organs/cavities, cells closely joined, categorized on shape & arrangement

176
Q

Connective tissue

A

Binds/supports other tissues, contains cells scattered in extracellular matrix.

177
Q

Matrix

A

Collagen (strength) + reticular fiber (connects) + elastic fibers (stretch and snap)

178
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Responsible for body movement, has actin and myosin (proteins)

3 types = skeletal, smooth, cardiac

179
Q

Nervous tissues

A

Recieves/transmits/processes information

2 types = neurons (transmits), glial cells (support neurons)

180
Q

Endocrine system

A

Transmits hormones (chemical signals) through the body via blood

181
Q

Nervous system

A

Transmits information between specific locations

182
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal environment regardless of external environment
- fluctuations above or below a set point
–> detected by sensor to trigger a response –> return to set point

183
Q

Regulator

A

Internal mechanisms control body – endothermy

184
Q

Conformer

A

External factors control body – ectothermy

185
Q

Homeothermy

A

Body temperature is constant
ex. walrus

186
Q

Poikilothermy

A

Body temperature fluctuates
ex. lizard

187
Q

5 Adaptations for Temperature Regulation

A

1) insulation
2) circulatory
3) evaporative
4) behavioral
5) metabolic

188
Q

Insulation

A

Traps warm air close to body/fat
- hair
- feathers
- skin

189
Q

Circulatory

A

Blood flow near surface, countercurrent exhange transfers heat from opposite flowing fluids

190
Q

Evaporative heat loss

A

Water evaporates through skin
- sweating

191
Q

Behavioral

A

Animal positions
- in sun
- in huddles

192
Q

Metabolic

A

Increase muscle activity and hormone stimutation
- shivering

193
Q

Set points vary

A

Regulated (puberty) or cyclic (day vs night)

194
Q

Nutrition

A

Process of quiring/breaking apart food.
- herbivores: eat plants
- carnivores: eat animals
- omnivores: eat plants and animals

195
Q

Diet must satisfy…

A

Chemical energy for cellular processes
- carbs, proteins, lipids for ATP production

Organic building blocks for macromolecules
- needed to grow, maintain, reproduce, etc.

Essential nutrients
- amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals

196
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Producing energy through oxidation of molecules (glucose, glycerol, amino acids)

197
Q

Food processing

A

Ingestions –> diestions –> absorbtion –> elimination

198
Q

Ingestion

A

Act of eating/feeding.
- suspension feeding: small food particles filtered from water
- substrate/deposit feeding: animals live in/on their food
- fluid feeders: nutrient rich fluid is sucked
- ***bulk feeders: large pieces of food eaten

199
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food.
- intracellular: food vaculoes engulf food by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes
- ***extracellular: break down food outside of cells (simple body or complex body)

200
Q

Bird digestion

A
  • no teeth
  • crop to store/soften food
  • 2 stomachs (chemical and mechanical)
201
Q

Mammal digestion

A
  • Chewing/saliva aids digestion
  • glands secrete digestive juices (alivary, pancreas, liver, gall-bladder)
202
Q

Peristalsis

A

Pushes food along, rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of canal.

203
Q

Sphincters

A

Valve that regulate movement of material.

204
Q

Small intestine

A

Where most of digestions occurs, very long (>20 ft)

205
Q

Absorbtion

A

Uptake of nutrients by body cells
- occurs in 2nd half of small intestine
- ends with large intenstine including colon + cecum + rectum

206
Q

Cecum

A

Absorbs nutrients + water, role in fermentation.

207
Q

Colon

A

Absorbs water, compacts remaining material (feces)

208
Q

Adaptations for digestion

A

Dental, stomach, mutualistic.

209
Q

Dental adaptations for digestion

A

Different shapes, various teeth generations
- heterodonty: specialized teeth for special diets

210
Q

Stomach adaptations for digestion

A
  • Carnivore stomachs = large, expandable
  • Herbivore stomachs = long, increase digestions time
  • Ruminants = in cows/deer, 4 chambers, several sacs for fermentation, gastric juices released
211
Q

Mutualistic adaptations for digestion

A

Symbiotic relations between human and bacteria.
- Humans get vitamins for immune system
- Bacteria get nutrients and stable host environment

Biology 204 (2 decks)

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