BIO 2 NUTRIOTION IN HUMANS Flashcards
Special proteins called enzymes
help change the precursor into its
final form.
Enzymatic Conversion
Small precursors are combined to
make bigger, useful molecules.
Biosynthesis
Some precursors need to be broken
down before the body can use them.
Catabolism
Some precursors need extra
changes like cutting, adding parts,
or rearranging before they work.
Modification
-They are known as “macros”
-nutrients that the body needs in large amounts to function, and include carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Macronutrients
Primary energy source, especially for
the brain and muscles. They are
classified into:
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Glycogen
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars that provide quick energy (e.g., glucose, fructose).
Monosaccharides
Break down into simple sugars for energy (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
Disaccharides
Provide fiber and sustained energy (e.g., starch, fiber).
Polysaccharides
A stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles, used for prolonged energy needs.
Glycogen
Build and repair tissues, produce enzymes,
and support immunity. Proteins are made
up of amino acids:
- Essential Amino Acids
- Non-Essential Amino Acids
- Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
Proteins
Must be obtained from food (e.g., histidine, leucine, lysine, valine).
Essential Amino Acids
Produced by the body (e.g., alanine, glutamate, serine).
Non-Essential Amino Acids
Needed
during illness or stress (e.g., arginine,
glutamine).
*Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
Support vitamin absorption, organ
protection, and long-term energy.
*Healthy Fats: Olive oil, nuts, fish.
*Moderation: Butter, red meat.
*Avoid: Trans fats in processed foods.
Lipids/Fats
are vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very
small amounts. Supports, growth, functions
Micronutrients
-Acts as coenzyme, which
enhances the enzyme’s functions.
-Organic or inorganic nutrients
essential for good health
Minerals
Minerals needed in the body in
relatively large quantities
compared to other minerals.
Major Minerals
Minerals that are needed in
the body in small amounts.
Trace Minerals
Organic compounds
essential for human growth
and function. Required in small amounts
Vitamins
Vitamins that dissolve in
water and is used straight
away after being absorbed.
Water Soluble
