Bio 2 - Lab Practical #1 Flashcards
Evolution
any change in heritable characteristics of a biological population over successive generations
fitness
The ability of an individual to succeed in the face of environmental pressures such as limited resources, climatic conditions, and interactions with other species
Reproductive Success
the single most important metric in natural selection
Iteroparous
reproduce many times
semelparous
reproduce only once
Life History Theory
explains how organisms budget their limited available energy to fulfill competing demands over the course of their lifetimes to maximize their total lifetime
Components of Life History
Growth, Somatic Maintenance, Reproduction
Growth
the energy invested to increase in body size
Somatic Maintenance
upkeep of the body
Reproduction
energy put into forming offspring
Phylogeny
the relationship of organisms to each other based on their evolutionary histories
Phylogenetic Trees
show the relationship between organisms
cladogram
most common type of phylogenic tree that represents the pattern of ancestry without indicating the relative lengths of time that have passed on each branch of the tree
rooted tree
trees that derive from a common ancestor
branch point
represents a change occurring between the different organisms
basal taxon
lineage of organisms that branch off the common ancestor but does not branch any further
sister taxa
two lineages that come from the same branch point
polytomy
when a branch has more than two lineages coming off of a branch point
shared ancestral character
a characteristic found in all the organisms that will be in your tree
shared derived characteristics
traits that have evolved at some point but are not shared by all organisms in the tree
outgroup
an organism or group that has experienced no evolutionary change since it diverged from the ancestral group
maximum parsimony
indicates that the simplest way is probably how evolution occurred
most parimonious
the topology that requires the least amount of changes
All Animals are….
eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic organisms
No True Tissue
(Parazoa) do not have specialized tissue
True Tissue
have specialized tissues
Eumetazoa
“true animals”
asymmetry
(Parazoans) no body symmetry
radial symmetry
(Cnidaria) an animals is divided in any direction along the oral/aboral axis and the two halves will be mirror images
bilateral symmetry
(all other phyla) only a single plane along which the body can be divided into equivalent halves
diploblasts
two germ layers
triplobalsts
three tissue layers
coelom
internal body cavity derived from mesoderm
- provides cushioning and shock absorption for the major organ systems
- a cavity where organs can grow and move freely
- space for the diffusion of gases and nutrients, as well as body flexibility, promoting improved animal motility
acoelomates
(no coelom) mesoderm region is completely filled with cells
eucoelomates
(true coelom) true coelom (cavity) arises entirely within the mesoderm germ layer
psuedocoelomates
coelom lined partly by mesoderm and partly by endoderm
Protostomes
- first opening in the blastopore becomes the mouth
- coelom is formed by schizocoely (two clumps of mesodermal tissue)
- undergo spiral and determinate cleavage
Deuterostome
- first opening in the blastopore becomes the anus
- coelom is formed enterocoely (mesoderm develops as pouches that are pinched off from the endoderm tissue)
- undergo indeterminate and radial cleavage
Open Circulatory System
blood is pumped out of the heart into a body cavity called hemocoel, where it sloshes around and bathes the internal organs in nutrients and gases (hemolymph)
Closed Circulatory System
the heart and blood vessels that pump blood out of the heart and return it back (blood)
Incomplete Digestive System
only one opening
Complete Digestive System
two openings
Cnidarian body types
polyp and medusa
flame cells
removing waste materials through filtration
cutaneous respiration
gas exchange occurs across the moist body surface
muscular foot
chief locomotor structure
visceral mass
contains most internal organs
mantle
fold of tissue
radula
specialized feeding organ
What type of vascular system do echinoderms have?
water vascular system
What are the characteristics of arthropods
jointed appendages, body segmentation, and chitinized exoskeleton
Key features of Chordata
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail
frontal lobe
motor initiation and executive functions
parietal lobe
sensory processing
occipital lobe
receives and processes sensations from eyes
temporal obe
processing of auditory sensations
cerebellum
motor coordination
What are the five senses?
olfaction, vision, gustation, audition, and somatosensation
mechanoreceptors
responsive to mechanical pressure or force
chemoreceptors
responsive to chemicals dissolved into body fluids
electromagnetic receptors
responsive to light
thermoreceptors
responsive to heat
nociceptors
responsive to pain
Volume
determined by the amplitude of sound wave
Pitch
a measure of the frequency of vibrations per time
Weber test
used to detect both types of hearing (tuning fork was placed on forehead)
Rinne Test
tests lateralization (place tuning fork behind ear)
Referred Pain
pain is received in areas of the body that are in fact unharmed or uninjured
rods
responsive to low level of lights
cones
responsive to brightly lit conditions
variation
phenotypic or genotypic differences in organisms or species
photopsins
allow for perception of different colors
