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Psychology Exam 1 > Bio 2 - Lab Practical #1 > Flashcards

Bio 2 - Lab Practical #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

any change in heritable characteristics of a biological population over successive generations

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2
Q

fitness

A

The ability of an individual to succeed in the face of environmental pressures such as limited resources, climatic conditions, and interactions with other species

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3
Q

Reproductive Success

A

the single most important metric in natural selection

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4
Q

Iteroparous

A

reproduce many times

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5
Q

semelparous

A

reproduce only once

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6
Q

Life History Theory

A

explains how organisms budget their limited available energy to fulfill competing demands over the course of their lifetimes to maximize their total lifetime

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7
Q

Components of Life History

A

Growth, Somatic Maintenance, Reproduction

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8
Q

Growth

A

the energy invested to increase in body size

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9
Q

Somatic Maintenance

A

upkeep of the body

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10
Q

Reproduction

A

energy put into forming offspring

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11
Q

Phylogeny

A

the relationship of organisms to each other based on their evolutionary histories

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12
Q

Phylogenetic Trees

A

show the relationship between organisms

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13
Q

cladogram

A

most common type of phylogenic tree that represents the pattern of ancestry without indicating the relative lengths of time that have passed on each branch of the tree

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14
Q

rooted tree

A

trees that derive from a common ancestor

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15
Q

branch point

A

represents a change occurring between the different organisms

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16
Q

basal taxon

A

lineage of organisms that branch off the common ancestor but does not branch any further

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17
Q

sister taxa

A

two lineages that come from the same branch point

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18
Q

polytomy

A

when a branch has more than two lineages coming off of a branch point

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19
Q

shared ancestral character

A

a characteristic found in all the organisms that will be in your tree

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20
Q

shared derived characteristics

A

traits that have evolved at some point but are not shared by all organisms in the tree

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21
Q

outgroup

A

an organism or group that has experienced no evolutionary change since it diverged from the ancestral group

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22
Q

maximum parsimony

A

indicates that the simplest way is probably how evolution occurred

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23
Q

most parimonious

A

the topology that requires the least amount of changes

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24
Q

All Animals are….

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic organisms

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25
Q

No True Tissue

A

(Parazoa) do not have specialized tissue

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26
Q

True Tissue

A

have specialized tissues

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27
Q

Eumetazoa

A

“true animals”

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28
Q

asymmetry

A

(Parazoans) no body symmetry

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29
Q

radial symmetry

A

(Cnidaria) an animals is divided in any direction along the oral/aboral axis and the two halves will be mirror images

30
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

(all other phyla) only a single plane along which the body can be divided into equivalent halves

31
Q

diploblasts

A

two germ layers

32
Q

triplobalsts

A

three tissue layers

33
Q

coelom

A

internal body cavity derived from mesoderm
- provides cushioning and shock absorption for the major organ systems
- a cavity where organs can grow and move freely
- space for the diffusion of gases and nutrients, as well as body flexibility, promoting improved animal motility

34
Q

acoelomates

A

(no coelom) mesoderm region is completely filled with cells

35
Q

eucoelomates

A

(true coelom) true coelom (cavity) arises entirely within the mesoderm germ layer

36
Q

psuedocoelomates

A

coelom lined partly by mesoderm and partly by endoderm

37
Q

Protostomes

A
  • first opening in the blastopore becomes the mouth
  • coelom is formed by schizocoely (two clumps of mesodermal tissue)
  • undergo spiral and determinate cleavage
38
Q

Deuterostome

A
  • first opening in the blastopore becomes the anus
  • coelom is formed enterocoely (mesoderm develops as pouches that are pinched off from the endoderm tissue)
  • undergo indeterminate and radial cleavage
39
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

blood is pumped out of the heart into a body cavity called hemocoel, where it sloshes around and bathes the internal organs in nutrients and gases (hemolymph)

40
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

the heart and blood vessels that pump blood out of the heart and return it back (blood)

41
Q

Incomplete Digestive System

A

only one opening

42
Q

Complete Digestive System

A

two openings

43
Q

Cnidarian body types

A

polyp and medusa

44
Q

flame cells

A

removing waste materials through filtration

45
Q

cutaneous respiration

A

gas exchange occurs across the moist body surface

46
Q

muscular foot

A

chief locomotor structure

47
Q

visceral mass

A

contains most internal organs

48
Q

mantle

A

fold of tissue

49
Q

radula

A

specialized feeding organ

50
Q

What type of vascular system do echinoderms have?

A

water vascular system

51
Q

What are the characteristics of arthropods

A

jointed appendages, body segmentation, and chitinized exoskeleton

52
Q

Key features of Chordata

A

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail

53
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor initiation and executive functions

54
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory processing

55
Q

occipital lobe

A

receives and processes sensations from eyes

56
Q

temporal obe

A

processing of auditory sensations

57
Q

cerebellum

A

motor coordination

58
Q

What are the five senses?

A

olfaction, vision, gustation, audition, and somatosensation

59
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

responsive to mechanical pressure or force

60
Q

chemoreceptors

A

responsive to chemicals dissolved into body fluids

61
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

responsive to light

62
Q

thermoreceptors

A

responsive to heat

63
Q

nociceptors

A

responsive to pain

64
Q

Volume

A

determined by the amplitude of sound wave

65
Q

Pitch

A

a measure of the frequency of vibrations per time

66
Q

Weber test

A

used to detect both types of hearing (tuning fork was placed on forehead)

67
Q

Rinne Test

A

tests lateralization (place tuning fork behind ear)

68
Q

Referred Pain

A

pain is received in areas of the body that are in fact unharmed or uninjured

69
Q

rods

A

responsive to low level of lights

70
Q

cones

A

responsive to brightly lit conditions

71
Q

variation

A

phenotypic or genotypic differences in organisms or species

72
Q

photopsins

A

allow for perception of different colors

Psychology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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