Bio 2 Lab - Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A
A diagram that shows the hypothesized evolutionary relationship among species.
2
Q
What is a clade?
A
a group of organisms that share evolutionary characteristics.
3
Q
What is divergent evolution?
A
Shared evolutionary characteristics (inherited from a common ancestor) can be modified through natural selection in different organisms.
3
Q
What are homologous structrures?
A
Modified characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.
4
Q
What is convergent evolution?
A
Some disparate evolutionary characteristics (inherited from different ancestors) can change over evolutionary time to look similar or perform similar functions.
5
Q
What is a homoplasy?
A
A similar trait that is found in two (or more) distantly related species,
6
Q
What is parsimony?
A
When scientists construct a tree based on the simplest possible evolutionary path.
7
Q
What is a polyphyletic group?
A
a group of taxa that includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor.
8
Q
What is a monophyletic group?
A
Includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
9
Q
What is a paraphyletic group?
A
a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor.
10
Q
What are prokaryotes?
A
Organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles.
11
Q
What are the two types of prokaryotes?
A
Archaea and Bacteria
12
Q
What are the three domains of life?
A
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
13
Q
What are Eukaryas?
A
Protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
14
Q
Most Archaea are extremophiles, true or false?
A
True
15
Q
What are the cell walls of bacteria made up of?
A
Peptidoglycan
16
Q
What is gram-negative?
A
Bacteria that has a thin peptidoglycan layer with an outer membrane.
17
Q
What is a gram-positive?
A
Bacteria that has a relatively thick peptidoglycan layer with no outer membrane
18
Q
Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, true or false?
A
False
19
Q
Where are cyanobacteria found?
A
freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats.
20
Q
How do cyanobacteria gain energy?
A
Through photosynthesis, they capture light energy and use it to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds.
21
Q
What are the main cyanobacteria?
A
- Anabaena sp.
- Merispmopedia sp.
- Oscillatoria sp.
- Rhodospirillum
22
Q
What does anabaena sp. look like?
A
Form chains
23
Q
What does Merismopedia sp. looke like?
A
Spherical bacteria that form grid-like sheets
24
What does Osillatoria sp. look like?
Filamentous
25
What color is gram positive?
Purple
26
What color is gram negative?
pink
27
What is the mucilaginous sheath?
Sometimes surround cyanobacteria that is jelly-like and made up of glycoprotein to cover and protect the cells.
28
What are heterocytes?
specialized cells with the ability to fix nitrogen
29
What are akinetes?
thick-walled dormant cells specialized for survival.
30
What are protists?
A group consisting of all eukaryotes NOT classified as an animal, plant, or fungi.
31
What are the three main groups of protistis?
Ciliates, Flagellates, and Sarcodinids
32
What are Ciliates?
A large group of protists named after their use of cilia to move and feed.
33
What are flagellates?
Protists named for their use of flagella.
34
What are Sarcodinids?
Protists that move using pseudopodia or false feet.
35
What are Eukaryotes?
Organisms with complex cell or cells, whose genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei.
36
What is Endosymbiosis?
A hypothesized process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells.
37
What is primary endosymbiosis?
The engulfment of a bacterium by another free-living organism.
38
What is secondary endosymbiosis?
When the product of primary endocytosis is itself engulfed and retained by another free-living eukaryote.
39
What is the reasoning behind the name of Supergroup Excavata?
They have a feeding groove seemingly excavated from the cell surface.
40
What is Excavata: Euglena sp.
A genus of euglenoid excavate protists that can be photosynthetic, can absorb organic nutrients directly from the medium (saprophytic), or can ingest food particles (Phagocytosis).
41
What is Excavata: Trypanosoma sp.
Genus of kinetoplastid excavate protists, has many parasitic species.
42
What is Excavata: Giardia lambia
A parasitic excavate found in feces-contaminated water.
43
What is Stramenopila?
An extremely diverse group of protists whose membranes are named for the straw-like hairs that line the surface of their flagella.
44
What are Diatoms (stramenopila)?
Unicellular algae that contain the pigments chlorophyll a and c, as well as the golden-brown pigment xanthophyll.
45
Why are diatoms so important?
They provide an estimated 25% of all organic carbon fixation on the planet, are an important source of atmospheric oxygen, and are a food source for countless micro and macroorganisms.
46
What shapes are Diatoms?
Can be long and thin (pennate) or disc-like (centric). Some can even form colonies in shape of filaments, zig-zags, or stars.
47
What do adult diatoms look like?
Lack the "hairy" flagellum that characterizes stramenopiles (flagella are present on reproductive spermatozoids)
48
What is brown algae (stamenopiles)?
Multicellular seaweeds that may become quite large, as in the giant kelps.
-Have stipe (a stalk or stem-like structure)
-Have holdfast (root-like structure)
-Have air bladders (provide bouancy)
-Have fronds (leaf like structures)
49
What is the Alveolata?
Characterized by sac-like vesicles called alveoli that lie under the plasma membrane.
50
What are dinoflagellates?
A group of marine protists characterized by two perpendicular flagella.
51
What are rhizaria?
Planktonic heterotrophic marine organisms possessing very narrow psedopodia, which are supported by microtubules, and are extruded through pores in the shells, which may be composed of silica or calcium carbonate.
52
What are supergroup unikonta?
Also known as amorphea, this group of eukaryotes includes the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts.
53
What are supergroup amoebozoa?
Commonly referred to as amoebozoans, members of this phylum are united by several characteristics including phagocytosis and locomotion via cytoplasmic streaming to form pseudopodia.
54
What are amoebozoa: amoeba sp.?
Protists that move using extensions called pseudopods.
55
What are mycetozoa?
commonly known as slime molds or mycentozoans, look similar to fungi but are not. The ingest food particles and digest them internally.
56
What are Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae)?
Considered ancestral to kingdom plantae and share many features with land plants, including the pigments chlorophyll a and b, the use of starch as the energy storage molecule, and cell walls composed of cellulose.
57
What is unicellular green algae (chlamydomonas sp.)?
Normally haploid and reproduces asexually via mitosis, but can produce gametes under adverse conditions.
58
What is Caulerpa sp. (multicellular green algae)?
Common marine alga that can be found attached to various substrates and regularly washes up on beaches.
59
What is Phylum Rhodophyta: red algae?
One of the oldest and largest groups of eukaryotic algae. Red because of pigment phycoerythrin.
60
What is alternation of generations?
Plants alternate between a haploid gametophyte generation and a diploid sporophyte generation.
61
What are some seedless nonvascular plants?
- marchantiophyta - liverworts
- bryophyta - mosses
- anthocerotophyta - hornworts
62
What are some seedless vascular plants?
- monilophyta (polypodiopsida) - ferns
- lycopodiophyta (lycopodiopsida) - club mosses, spike mosses, quilworts)
63
What are liverworts (marchantiophyta)?
Can reproduce sexually and asexually. Reproduce asexually through fragmentation or gemmae cups.
64
What are the female and male sex organs in liverworts?
-Male sex organs called antheridia and produce sperm on the liverwort. Borne on structures that resemble small umbrellas
-Female sex organs called archegonia and are borne on structures that resemble tiny banana trees.
65
What do all vascular plants have?
Vascular tissue and thus have true leaves, stems, and roots. The vascular tissue is made up of xylem and phloem.
66
What is the stomata?
An opening in leaves that are used to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis and carbon fixation.
67
What are ferns (monilophyta)?
The most successful of the vascular seedless plants and occupy habitats that range from tropical rainforests to deserts. Have independent sporophyte, well-developed vascular tissue, and have stomata.
68
What are horsetails (monilophyta)?
unique group of ferns
69
What are lycopodiophyta ( lycophyta)?
Often referred to as club (lycopodiu sp.) or spike mosses (selaginella sp.), but not true mosses because they have vascular tissue. Club mosses are homosporous, while spike mosses are heterosporous.
70
What are angiosperms?
Plants whose seeds develop within a vessel known as an ovary which matures and ripens into a friut
71
What are gymnosperms?
Seed-bearing plants with naked seeds
72
What are monoecious plants?
A single plant produces both pollen-producing (male) and ovule-bearing (female) reproductive structures.
73
What are dioecious plants?
A plant has separate male and female plants that produce either ovules and seeds or pollen, but not both.
74
What are conifers?
The largest and most well known group of gymnosperms. Include pines, juniper, cypress, and other cone bearing trees and shrubs. Most are monoecious however some are dioecious (juniper).
75
What are monocots?
A member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.
76
What are dicots?
Plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.
77
Which type of bacteria can fix nitrogen?
rhizobium sp. and they live on the root nodules of legumes (peas, beans, peanuts).
78
Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles, true or false?
True
79
Purpose of rhizoids and roots?
anchors plants and allows them to absorb water and minerals.
80
Purpose of vascular tissue?
transport water and nutrients throughout plant
81
Purpose of gametangium?
prevent embryo from drying out
82
Purpose of cuticle?
prevent the adult plant from drying out.
83
The sporophyte (2n) is dominant, true or false?
true
84
The gametophyte (n) are reduced and dependent on the sporophyte, true or false?
true
85
What is pollination?
When pollen (carrying sperm) is transferred from one plant to another.
86
What is fertilization?
Afterwards when the sperm and egg come together to form an embryo which develops inside a seed.
87
What is a gametophyte?
REPRODUCES SEXUALLY BY PRODUCING GAMETES (EGG AND SPERM WHICH ARE HAPLOID CELLS THAT ONLY CARRY ONE SET OF CHROMOSOMES) THAT FUSE TOGETHER AND GIVE RISE TO THE SECOND GENERATION (SPOROPHYTE)
88
What is a sporophyte?
REPRODUCES ASEXUALLY AND IS DIPLOID (HAS TWO SETS OF CHROMOSOMES IN EACH CELL). HAS CAPSULE CALLED SPORANGIUM WHICH PRODUCES HAPLOID REPRODUCTIVE CELLS CALLED SPORES. SPOROPHYTE IS ATTACHED TO PARENT GAMETOPHYTE, WHICH RELIES ON IT FOR NUTRIENTS AND WATER. THEN SPORES DISPERSE AND GERMINATE WHICH IN TURN PRODUCE GAMETOPHYTES. WHICH THEN PRODUCE ANOTHER GENERATION OF SPOROPHYTES.
89
What is sporangia?
A multicellular organ in plants where meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop.
90
What is antheridia?
In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.
91
What is megasporangium?
A female sporangia that produces megasporocytes that yield megaspores.
92
What is microspaorangium?
A male sporangia that produces microsporocytes that yield microspores.
93
With the exception of nonvascular plants, the diploid sporophyte generation is the dominant generation, true or false?
True
94
Where did land plants most likely descend from?
A group of green algae called the charophyceans.
95
What makes up streptophyta?
Modern charophyceans and their relatives, modern land plants.
96
Are spores produced by meiosis or mitosis?
meiosis
97
What is fragmentation?
Type of reproduction that occurs when the older, central portion of the thallus dies, leaving the growing tips isolated. The isolated tips can then form individual plants.
97
Are gametes produced by meiosis or mitosis?
mitosis
98
How does asexual reproduction through gemmae cups occur?
Inside gemmae cup are multicellular disks of tissue called gemmae that can be splashed out of the cup by rain. If gemmae cup lands in a suitable habitat, it can produce a new gametophyte plant.
99
What is plant vascular tissue made up of?
Xylem and phloem
100
In gymnosperms, what is the male and female gametophytes?
- Male = pollen grain
- Female = nucleated embryo sac
