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BIO 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Change in DNA to make something new

A

Genetic Engineering

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2
Q

Takes genes and transfer to another

A

Genetic Engineering

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3
Q

Types of Genetic Engineering

A

Artificial Selection (selective breeding)
Cloning
IVF and IVV
Gene Splicing

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4
Q

Choose which organisms to mate to survive produce desired offspring

A

Artificial selection

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5
Q

Stages in artificial selection

A

Decide characteristics
Choose parents
Choose desired offspring
Process repeat

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6
Q

Types of artificial selection

A

Hybridization (crossbreeding)
Inbreeding

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7
Q

Breeding 2 unrelated individuals

A

Hybridization

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8
Q

two individuals (same species) with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms

A

Hybridization

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9
Q

Labrador and poodle

A

Labradoodle

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10
Q

Lion and tiger

A

Liger/ lyger

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11
Q

Labrador and goldee retriever

A

Goldador

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12
Q

Labrador and golden retriever

A

Goldador

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13
Q

Pomeranian and maltese

A

Maltipom

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14
Q

Bulldog and Shih Tzu

A

Bully-Tzu

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15
Q

3 factors to consider before crossbreeding
(You can’t just crossbreed animals)

A

Genetic compatibility
Physical differences
Mating behaviour differences

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16
Q

Very close relatives are bred together

A

Inbreeding

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17
Q

breeding of organism that genetically similar

A

Inbreeding

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18
Q

America’s most inbred family

A

The Whittakers family

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19
Q

___ decreases variation

A

Inbreeding

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20
Q

Creating an organism that is an exact copy of another

A

Cloning

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21
Q

Result of asexual reproduction

A

Cloning

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22
Q

Steps in cloning

A
  1. Single cell (egg) is removed from parent cell
    Somatic cell removed from a donor
  2. Nucleus is removed from single cell by the process of ENUCLEATION
  3. Cell from donor and parent is combined
  4. The combined cell is now formed and begins to divide normally by the process of BLASTOCYST
  5. Cell is not inserted to the surrogate
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23
Q

Benefits of cloning

A

Increased food supply
Stop species from extinction
Make exact copies of organisms

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24
Q

Egg is fertilized inside the body

A

Artificial insemination / in vivo

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25
Egg is fertilized outside the body (in laboratory)
In vitro fertilization
26
DNA is cut out of one organism and put into another organism
Gene splicing / Recombinant DNA
27
Gives instruction to build and maintain organisms
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
28
25% Particular gene being studied
Gene of interest/ gene fragment
29
Small, circular, double-stranded DNA that is distinct; 75%
Plasmid
30
any DNA Molecule that has the ability to replicate inside the host
Vector
31
Source from where we get the gene of interest
Genomic library
32
acts as scissors Cuts a specific site of dna molecule
Restriction enzyme
33
plays the essential role by joining the breaks in the backbone of dna
Ligase
34
Enzymatic reaction that join two biomolecules
Ligation
35
Benefits of gene splicing (insulin)
Cheaper No side effects Vaccines can be created
36
organisms that have DNA transferred to them
Transgenic organisms
37
gene from one organism is transferred to different organism.
Transformation
38
Examples of transgenic organisms
Transgenic plants ( T. Corn, Banana Vaccine) Transgenic animal ( T. Cow, T. Goat) Transgenic bacteria ( E. coli)
39
Form of treatment used to cure conditions that arise from a defective or absent gene
Gene therapy
40
Technique used to compare 2 or more DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
41
Caused by mutations or changes in dna
Genetic disorders
42
3 types of mutations
Deletion - a base pair is left out Insertion - extra pair is added Substitution - incorrect base replaces correct base
43
result from errors in DNA replication
Mutations
44
2 types of mutation
Germline mutation - can be passed to offspring (gemetes) Somatic mutation- can’t be passed on (body cells)
45
Person has extra chromosome Chromosome 21 Nondisjunction
Down Syndrome
46
Nondisjunction Chromosome X Additional x chromosome added
Klinefelter syndrome
47
Chromosomes 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15 are effected Autosomal Recessive Rare genetic disorder when you aren’t born with enough melanin pigment
Albinism
48
Chromosome 4 Areas of brain starts to break down Autosomal dominant
Huntington disease
49
Chromosome 15 Autosomal dominant Congenital disorder, more often shows up in childhood or adolescence
Marfan Syndrome
50
Autosomal Dominant the tissues and bone inside the mouth do not fuse properly
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate / Van der Woude syndrome
51
abnormality in the glands that produce sweat and mucus. Autosomal recessive Chromosome 7
Cystic Fibrosis
52
causes a constant shortage of red blood cells Chromosome 11 Autosomal recessive
Sickle cell anemia
53
Sex-linked disorder inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.
Hemophilia
54
genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact. (Sex-linked disorder)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
55
correct sequence of events in Earth's history
Geologic time scale
56
published the first laws of stratigraphy (description of rock successions and their interpretation in terms of a general time scale) (Top- youngest Bottom- oldest)
Nicolas Steno
57
Stablished basis for stratigraphic chronology by classifying 4 main layers of Earth’s crust
Giovani Arduino
58
In 1890 he figured out the solution: fossils
William smith
59
Largest segment or geologic times
Eon
60
4 times of eon
Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic
61
Earth was a molten planet
Hadean
62
Began After the formation of Earth’s crust Protocells evolved then became anaerobic cells and then prokaryotic
Archean
63
Earlier life Accumulation of oxygen due to cyanobacteria
Proterozoic
64
An organism that lived during the proterozoic period. It’s like a jelly fish
Dickinsonia Costata

BIOLOGY 1 (4 decks)

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