2Q Flashcards
1
Q
Why do we need cell division
A
- Tissue renewal and repair
- Growth and development
- Reproduction
2
Q
2 modes of cell production
A
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
3
Q
Contains 46 genetic materials; body cells (somatic)
A
Mitosis
4
Q
3 stages of cycle in mitosis
A
- Interphase
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
5
Q
Phases of Interphase
A
Gap 1
S phase (synthesis)
Gap 2
6
Q
It is the largest portion of the cell cycle and is the PRIMARY GROWTH
A
Gap 1
7
Q
It copies organelles (most replication)
A
G1
8
Q
Nucleus becomes larger
Chromatins becomes sister chromatids
A
S phase
9
Q
Synthesize a complete copy of DNA
Centromere holds sister chromatids
A
S phase
10
Q
Makes proteins and organelles.
SECONDARY GROWTH
A
G2
11
Q
Stages in Mitosis
A
PPMAT
1. Prophase
2. Pro-metaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
4. Telophase
12
Q
Process in which a eukaryotic cells nucleus split in 2, followed by the division of parent cell into 2 daughter cells
A
Mitosis
13
Q
Longest stage in mitosis.
Centrioles separated and went to the opposite sides
A
Prophase
14
Q
Spindle fibers/ microtubules move towards the center of the cell.
Sister chromatids become more coiled (matigas)
DIAPPEARANCE OF NUCLEOLUS
A
Prophase
15
Q
DISAPPEARANCE OF NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
Centrioles attach themselves to the kinetochore of the sister chromatids.
Formation of kinetochore
A
Prometaphase
16
Q
Shortest stage in mitosis.
Chromosomes move toward the equator called ____?
A
“Metaphase plate”
Metaphase
17
Q
Splitting of the sister chromatids.
Sister chromatids are now called “___” or “chromosomes”
A
“Chromatids”
Anaphase
18
Q
Nuclear Membrane forms.
chromosomes become chromatins
SPINDLE FIBERS DISSOLVE & CENTROSOME DEACTIVATES
A
Telophase
19
Q
2 nucleus are formed
A
Karyokinesis
Karyo- Nucleus
20
Q
Cell divides and become 2 called daughter cells
A
Cytokinesis
21
Q
Process of checking the chromosomes in our body
A
Karyo Typing
22
Q
What is it called when cells decide to explode itself
A
Apoptosis or Cell Death
23
Q
What is the resting state
A
Gap 0
24
Q
It is called ___ when 2 daughter cells are formed
A
Diploid
25
it is the GENETIC DIVERSITY
- Genetic Diversity is important in the evolution of population and species
Meiosis
26
what are the #1-22 chromosome called
Autosomes
27
#23 chromosome
Sex chromosome
28
Phases of CELL CYCLE IN MEIOSIS
Interphase
Meiosis 1
Cytokinesis 1
Meiosis 2
Cytokinesis 2
29
Primary growth
23 Pairs of Homologous chromosomes (Chromatin state)
CHECKPOINT #1
G1
30
each chromosome replicates to sister chromatids (still in homologous pair)
Nucleus becomes bigger
Replication of centrosome
S PHASE
31
Maturation of centrosome
SECONDARY GROWTH
G2
32
final preparation for meiotic cycle
CHECKPOINT 2
G2
33
STAGES OF MEIOSIS 1
PPMAT 1
34
Nucleolus disappeared
homologous pair condensed (tumigas)
PROPHASE 1
35
match up with their homologous pair (SYNAPSIS)
CROSSING OVER
PROPHASE 1
36
Centrioles took position on opposite poles
PROPHASE 1
37
Spindle fibers form and went toward the center of cell
PROPHASE 1
38
Nuclear Membrane disappears
Spindle fibers attach themselves to the kinetochore of the chromosomes
PROMETAPHASE 1
39
Homologous pairs line up at the equator called ____
Still in Homologous pair
Metaphase plate
METAPHASE 1
40
Independent assortment
CHECKPOINT 3
METAPHASE 1
41
Homologous pair separated (still called sister chromatids)
ANAPHASE 1
42
How many total genetic materials in ANAPHASE 1?
O Homologous Pair
23 Pairs of sister chromatids (L&R)
46 Indiv. Chromatids (L&R)
43
Nuclear envelope and cleavage furrow forms
SPINDLE FIBER DISSOLVE & CENTRIOLES DEACTIVATE
TELOPHASE 1
44
Sister chromatids decondensed (lumambot) but still attached
Telophase 1
45
Division of cytoplasm forming 4 daughter cells are called ___ in CYTOKINESIS 1?
Haploid
46
NO INTERPHASE
same process as mitosis
Meiosis 2
47
STAGES OF MEIOSIS 2
Prophase 2 - no crossing over
Prometaphase 2- creation of kinetochore
Metaphase 2- checkpoint 4; Metaphase plate
Anaphase 2- Splitting of Sister chromatids now called chromatid/chromosome
Telophase 2- 4 daughter cells
48
has complete 46 chromosome
diploid
49
has 23 chromosomes (either from mother or father)
Haploid
50
Acts as SKIN OR GATE
Allows substance to ENTER & EXIT
Plasma/ cell membrane
51
Demarcates INTERNAL & EXTERNAL environment of cell
Plasma membrane
52
selectively permeable
Flexible
Cell membrane
53
Fluid Mosaic Model
Singer and Nicolson
54
3 important characteristics of molecules
Size
Charge
Solubility
55
macro or micromolecules
Size
56
charged or noncharged molecules
Charge
57
lipid-soluble molecules or not
Solubility
58
Fat layers arranged from "TAIL TO TAIL"
Phospholipid bilayer
59
small and uncharged particles can go in such as Water, ethanol, and glycerol
Phospholipid bilayer
60
Small hydrophobic molecules such as 02, N2, CO2, BENZENE
Phospholipid bilayer
61
Why can Vitamins A, D, E, K go in the phospholipid bilayer
because they are fat-soluble
62
water movement across membrane (example: cold water on a glass, the sweating outside the glass is this)
osmosis
63
scattered in the phospholipid bilayer
proteins
64
substances that can enter Carrier protein
glucose, amino acid, nucleic acid
65
substances that can enter Channel protein
IONS
66
allows solute to move from 1 place to another
performs either passive or active transport
Carrier protein
67
transport IONS
performs only passive transport
Channel Protein
68
large uncharged molecules
glucose, amino acids, nucleotides
69
are also hydrophilic channel (aquaporin- a special type)
allows specific molecules or ions to cross PM
Channel Protein
70
proteins are integrated in the phospholipid bilayer as whole
Integral/ Intrinsic Proteins
71
one substance goes to one direction
Uniport
72
2 different substance in same direction
Symport
73
2 different substance in opposite direction
Antiport
74
helps stabilize and shape the plasma membrane
Peripheral/ Extrinsic Proteins
75
acts as ANTENNAE
Markers and Identifiers
found on the extracellular part of cell
Glycoprotein and Glycolipid
76
maintains fluidity and increases stability of membrane
Cholesterol
77
hair-like structure on plasma membrane
microvilli
78
acts as framework that gives shape to cells
cytoskeleton
79
various ways by which diff substance can be allowed to enter
cell transport mechanism
80
high to low
doesn't require ATP
Passive transport
81
transports particles through phospholipid bilayers
Simple diffusion
82
transports proteins (carrier or channel)
large & charged particles
Facilitated diffusion
83
diffusion of H2O
OSMOSIS
84
stops the osmosis
Osmotic pressure
85
ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Tonicity
86
cell balanced/ normal
isotonic solution
87
cell swollen (plasmolysis)
hypotonic solution
88
cell shrink/shrunk (crenation)
hypertonic solution
89
uses force to push
NO ATP
Filtration
90
the force that pushes molecules
Hydrostatic pressure
91
low to high, particles may be too large
Requires ATP
active transport
92
necessary for transmission of ELECTRICAL IMPULSE
Sodium-potassium pump
93
very essential in muscle contraction
calcium pump
94
cell releases contents in vesicle formed by golgi body
exocytosis
95
taking in molecules
endocytosis
96
cell eating
phagocytosis
97
cell drinking
pinocytosis
98
components made up of hydrocarbons
Organic molecules
99
large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
biomolecules
100
small building blocks of molecules
monomer
101
consisting of many similar building blocks
polymer
102
process of linking polymers together
polymerization
103
monomer to polymer
(dehydration reaction, dehydration synthesis, condensation reaction)
LOSS OF WATER
synthesis
104
Polymer to monomer (hydrolysis) add water
breakdown
105
molecular tools for most molecular functions
proteins
106
chains of amino acids attached by peptide bonds
peptide
107
2 or more acids joined together are peptides
peptide bonds
108
most abundant organic compound
functions as energy sources and structural components of cell
carbohydrates
109
monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
- galactose
-glucose
-fructose
110
polymer of carbohydrates
disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose
oligosaccharides- raffinose, stachyose
polysaccharides- glycogen, starch, cellulose
111
monomer of proteins
amino acid
112
polymer of proteins
peptide
113
bond of protein
peptide bond
114
bond of carbs
glycosidic link/bond
115
only class that does not have a polymer
doesn't dissolve readily in water
mother of all
lipids
116
monomer of lipids
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
117
polymer of lipids
lipids
118
bond of lipids
ester bond
119
elements in proteins
C, H, O, N, S (some)
120
elements in carbs
C, H, O
121
elements in lipids
C, H, O
122
blueprint of life
store and transmit hereditary info
nucleic acid
123
base pairs for DNA
A-T = Adenine, Thymine
C-G = Cytosine, Guanine
124
base pairs for RNA
A-U = Adenine, Uracil
C-G = Cytosine, Guanine
125
wrong pairing of genetic base
genetic mutation
126
monomer of nucleic acid
nucleotides (DNA & RNA)
127
Polymer of nucleic acid
nucleic acid
128
Bond of nucleic acid
hydrogen bond
129
elements of nucleic acid
N, H, O
130
Substance which can alter or speed up reaction
catalyst
131
catalysts made of proteins
enzymes
132
performs catalytic function (rate increase)
enzymes
133
always ends with -ase
ex: maltose- MALTASE
Enzymes
134
part in an enzyme molecule where it interacts with substrate
active site
135
chemical with which an enzyme work (usually polymer)
substrate
136
part of enzyme where molecules interact
"perfect fit"
always polymer
active site
137
Process of chemical reaction between enzyme and substrate
1. ENTERING OF SUBSTRATE (pumasok; polymer)
2. FORMING OF ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX (dumikit)
3. connecting to enzyme-product complex
4. Leaving active site of enzyme (monomer)
138
enzymes facilitate the cleavage of bonds in molecules
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
139
break the bonds holding the molecular building blocks
chemical digestion
140
When enzyme and substrate fit perfectly
enzyme (lock) substrate (key)
lock-and-key model
141
enzyme shifts and slightly changes its shape to fit with substrate
induced fit model
142
responsible for energy production and detoxify body of waste materials
metabolic enzyme
143
assists in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients
digestive enzyme
144
raw foods and supplements which are produced externally
food enzymes
145
inorganic molecules and ions
cofactor
146
organic molecules
coenzymes
147
stops the catalysis.
blocking or distorting the active site
inhibitors
148
inhibitors with similar structure to the substrate
competitive inhibitor
149
part of enzyme does the non-competitive inhibitor bind
allosteric bond
150
extreme high temp can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working
temperature
