BIO 190 - Skeletal System 1

Question 1

red marrow

Answer 1

• blood cells
• infants: central marrow cavities
• adults: interior of epiphysis

Question 2

yellow marrow

Answer 2

• adipose tissue (fat)

- medullary cavity, central cavity of shaft

Question 3

intramembranous ossification

Answer 3

• fast
• develops from embryonic tissue and layers of connective tissue
• in flat bones, skull, some facial bones

Question 4

endochondral ossification

Answer 4

• from hyaline cartilage
• primary ossification center: diaphysis
• secondary ossification center: epiphysis

Question 5

transverse fracture

Answer 5

• straight line across

- alignment still there

Question 6

oblique fracture

Answer 6

angle that is not 90 degrees

Question 7

spiral fracture

Answer 7

twisting

Question 8

comminuted fracture

Answer 8

shatter

Question 9

impacted fracture

Answer 9

one fragment driven into another

Question 10

greenstick fracture

Answer 10

• partial

- only one side of bone is broken

Question 11

open/compound fracture

Answer 11

through skin

Question 12

closed/simple fracture

Answer 12

does not tear through skin

Question 13

fracture treatment

Answer 13

• closed reduction: manipulation by hand

- open reduction: manipulation by surgery

Question 14

What are the 4 steps in bone repair?

Answer 14

1. fracture hematoma: clotting, blood-filled swelling
2. internal and external fibrocartilage: form to splint bone
3. cartilage (of the calli) turns to spongy bone
4. remodeling: osteoblasts and clasts

Question 15

rickets osteomalacia

Answer 15

• soft bones
• bowl legs
• due to deficiency in vitamin d

Question 16

osteoporosis

Answer 16

• bone atrophy/porous bone

- occurs inside of bone

Question 17

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 17

• autoimmune disease, attacks articular cartilage
• scar tissue form and connects bone together, fuse
• flare ups and remission, vulnerability to other infections

Question 18

osteoarthritis (OA)

Answer 18

• articular cartilage gets soft, frayed, and breaks down

- bone spurs: bony projections on edge of bone

Question 19

gouty arhtritis

Answer 19

• uric acid collects in blood
• deposited as crystals into soft joint tissues
• drugs, diet restrictions, weight loss

Question 20

synarthrosis

Answer 20

non movable

Question 21

amphiarthrosis

Answer 21

slightly movable

Question 22

diarthrosis

Answer 22

freely movable

Question 23

fibrous joints

Answer 23

• synarthrosis
• joined by fibrous connective tissue
• sutures in skull, periodontal membranes, distal ends of tib fib, middle of radius/ulna

Question 24

cartilaginous joints

Answer 24

• amphiarthrosis
• tough and strong
• pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

Question 25

synovial joints

Answer 25

- diarthrosis | - accessories: articular cartilage, articular disks, bursae, synovial capsule, tendon sheaths

Question 26

synovial joints

Answer 26

- ball and socket - condoloid/ellipsoidal - gliding/plane - hinge - saddle - pivot

Question 27

ball and socket joint

Answer 27

- articular face in depression - round, rotation - extremely movable - shoulder and hip

Question 28

condoloid/ellipsoidal

Answer 28

- oval articular face within depression - angular motion - between metacarpals and phalanges, occipital condyles

Question 29

gliding/plane

Answer 29

- flattened or slightly curved - linear motion - not a lot of movement - bones in carpals, tarsals, end of clavicles, between vertebrae

Question 30

hinge

Answer 30

- angular motion | - knee and elbow

Question 31

pivot

Answer 31

- rotation | - between atlas and axis

Question 32

saddle

Answer 32

- two concaved bones | - between carap and metacarpal of thumb

Question 33

articular cartilage

Answer 33

- layer of hyaline cartilage | - coats epiphysis

Question 34

compact bone

Answer 34

- part of long bone | - dense, smooth, homogenous

Question 35

spongy bone

Answer 35

- part of long bone - trabeculae: needle like bars - lots of open space

Question 36

intramembranous bone

Answer 36

* see intramembranous ossification

Question 37

endochondral bone

Answer 37

* see endochondrial ossification

Question 38

diaphysis

Answer 38

- shaft of long bone - made up of compact bone - medullary cavity: yellow bone marrow

Question 39

epiphysis

Answer 39

- end of long bone - made up of spongy bone - red bone marrow

Question 40

epiphyseal disk

Answer 40

- cartilage in between bones for children, because they are still growing - chondrocytes build framework, osteoblasts replace, epiphyseal disk remains, long bones stop growing once they disks ossify

Question 41

periosteum/endosteum

Answer 41

- outer layer, containing osteoblasts | - inner layer, containing osteoclasts

Question 42

medullary cavity

Answer 42

- yellow bone marrow

Question 43

hematopoiesis

Answer 43

process of producing blood cells

Question 44

canaliculi

Answer 44

- tiny canals - run from central canal to lacunae of first lamella - then lamella to lamella

Question 45

osteoblast

Answer 45

- build bone | - become osteocyte

Question 46

osteocyte

Answer 46

- mature bone cells - maintain matrix and bone tissue - embedded in bone - canaliculi, osteonic canal

Question 47

osteoclast

Answer 47

- break down | - acid emnzymes

Question 48

osteonic canal

Answer 48

- blood and nerve supply for osteocytes