Bio Flashcards
What is Coevolution?
The process where two or more species evolve in response to each other (e.g., bees and flowers adapting together for pollination).
What are the three main examples of Coevoluition?
- Mutualistic Coevolution
- Predation Coevolution - prey/predator
- Competition
What is Selective Breeding
The process of humans breeding organisms with desired traits to produce offspring with those traits.
What is Artificial Selection?
A form of selective breeding where humans intentionally choose which organisms reproduce to enhance specific traits.
what is Natural Selection?
The process where organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully, leading to evolutionary change over time.
What is Adaptation?
A trait or behavior that improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
What is Divergent Evolution?
Related species become different (e.g., finches).
What is Convergent Evolution?
Unrelated species develop similar traits (e.g., bird and bat wings).
What is Gene Flow?
gene migration is the result of the movement of individuals into or out of populations (migration, translocation, mating between diff pop)
What is Mutation?
Change in DNA sequence; source of new genetic variation.
What is Genetic Bottleneck?
Sharp reduction in population size, reducing genetic diversity.
What is Genetic Drift?
Random fluctuations in allele frequencies, especially in small populations.
What is Stabilizing Selection?
Natural selection favoring intermediate phenotypes.
What is Sexual Selection
Natural selection based on mate attraction and reproduction success.
What is Directional Selection?
Natural selection favoring one extreme phenotype.
What is Disruptive Selection?
Natural selection favoring both extreme phenotypes, potentially leading to speciation.
What are the four mechanisms of Evolution?
- Genetic Mutation
- Gene flow
- Genetic Drift
- Natural Selection
What are the 2 Gene Mutation?
- DNA Mutation is random
- Natural Selection acts of the favored trait or eliminates unfavored traits
New Alleles are formed
What are the 6 pieces of evidence for T.O.E.?
- Fossil Record
- Comparative Anatomy
- Molecular Biology
- Embryology
- Biogeography
- Observational Evidence
Types of Natural Selection?
- Directional Selection – Favors one extreme trait (e.g., giraffes with longer necks).
- Stabilizing Selection – Favors the average trait (e.g., human birth weight).
- Disruptive Selection – Favors both extremes (e.g., black and white moths).
Types of Genetic Drift?
- Bottleneck Effect – Population size is drastically reduced (e.g., cheetahs).
- Founder Effect – Small group colonizes a new area, reducing genetic diversity (e.g., Amish communities).
What is Macroevolution?
Large-scale evolutionary changes that lead to the formation of new species over long periods (e.g., evolution of whales from land mammals).
The transition from small, multi-toed ancestors (e.g., Eohippus) to modern single-toed horses (Equus).
What is Mircoevolution?
Small-scale changes in allele frequencies within a population over a short period (e.g., antibiotic resistance in bacteria).
Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics through genetic mutations.
