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BIO 181 > BIO 181 Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO 181 Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are CDC2 kinase and cyclin, and how do they function to regulate cell cycle?

A

CDC2 kinase binds with cycline to become the Mitosis Promotion Factor (MPF)

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2
Q

How does IP3 affect calcium ions in a cell?

A

IP3 causes the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to release calcium.

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3
Q

What are the BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes?

A

They are the first genes to be broken at the start of breast cancer. People without these genes have a lesser chance of getting cancer.

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4
Q

What are the similarities between photosynthesis and respiration?

A

They both use the Electron Transport Chain

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5
Q

What is the relationship between the cell cycle and cancer?

A

The cell cycle works to regulate when cells divide. When you break the cycle, cancer develops.

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6
Q

How have yeast shmoos helped us understand cell signaling?

A

Cell signaling factor is what causes yeast cells to grow towards each other for cell reproduction. Forms a shmoo.

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7
Q

What are the steps of a cell signal inducing a response?

A

The receptors bind to recognition proteins and the protein activates a response.

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8
Q

What are ATP, NADH, and NADPH?

A

They are all energy carrying molecules.

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9
Q

What are G protein coupled receptors?

A

Uses Guanine Triphosphate. Signals the molecule with activates GTP. Uses GTP as a signal protein.

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10
Q

What is apoptosis and why does it occur?

A

Plants- cell wall is present but everything inside is dead. Cell is signaled to start apoptosis.
Animal- cell has cancer, a virus, etc., it is told to go through apoptosis.

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11
Q

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

A

Adding or subtracting a Phosphate group.

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12
Q

What are the differences in cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

A

Animals- contraction of the cell membrane to create a cleavage furrow
Plants- cell plate is formed to then become another cell wall.

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12
Q

What is a scaffolding protein?

A

Holds other proteins in place in order for the reaction to occur more quickly.

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13
Q

How do prokaryotes divide, and how does this compare to eukaryotic cell division?

A

Binary fission.

DNA is copied, duplicated, them pulled apart to create another cell.

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14
Q

What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics?

A

I- energy in matter cannot be created nor destroyed

II- in every reaction you lose some energy, normally in the from of heat. (Entropy)

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15
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

Direct communication
- gap junctions in animals, plasmodesmata is plants
Local signaling
Long distance signaling
- hormones travel through bloodstream to target cells

16
Q

How do anchorage dependency and density dependency inhibition regulate cell division?

A

Cells won’t multiply without being anchored to a substrate.
Cells won’t multiply after they have reached a certain density. (How the body regulates the right amounts of tissue being produced in the right places)

17
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Signals that induce mitosis. (MPF)

18
Q

What is activation energy, and how does it relate to the function of enzymes?

A

Enzyme- molecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of the reaction.
Activation energy- the amount of energy that reactants must absorb in order for a chemical reaction to start.

Enzymes need activation energy to perform.

19
Q

What are metabolic, catabolic, and anabolic reactions?

A

Metabolism- Begins with a specific molecule which is then altered in a series of steps resulting in a product. (Eating food then breaking it down)
Catabolism- Breaking down molecules and releasing energy. (Cellular Respiration)
Anabolic- Building molecules consuming energy. (Anabolic Steroids)

20
Q

What is energy and what are the different types of energy?

A 
Energy- The capacity to cause change.
Kinetic (Motion)
Thermal (Heat)
Potential (Stored)
Chemical (Potential energy for release in a chemical reaction)
21
Q

What are the major reactions of cellular respiration?

A

Organic compounds + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy [ATP + Heat]

22
Q

What are Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, The Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain, and Chemiosmosis?

A

Glycolysis- Breaks glucose into 2 molecules of Pyruvate. Makes ATP.
Pyruvate Oxidation- Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized to Acetyl CoA.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)- Eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules after Pyruvate Oxidation occurs.
Electron Transport Chain- A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of reactions that release energy to make ATP.
Chemiosmosis- Uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work. It synthesizes the most ATP.

Glycolysis happens in the cytosol, outside of the mitochondria.
Pyruvate Oxidation, The Krebs Cycle, The Electron Transport Chain, and Chemiosmosis all happen within the Mitochondria.

23
Q

What is the interior structure of the mitochondria?

A

The matrix, cristae, and the intermembrane space.

The Krebs Cycle and Pyruvate Oxidation happens in the matrix, the Electron Transport Chain happens in the cristae.

24
Q

What are cristae, the intermembrane space, and the matrix?

A

Cristae-The folds of the inner membrane.
Intermembrane space- The area in between the outer membrane and the inner membrane.
Matrix- The area inside of the inner membrane.

25
Q

What are the major reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions and carbon fixation, dark reactions, light independent reactions, calvin cycle

26
Q

What are photosystems I and photosystems II and the Calvin cycle?

A

Starts in Photosystem II- Photon pushes an electron up to the primary acceptor. The electron travels down to make ATP. The electron enters Photosystem I, and another photon pushes the electron to primary acceptor, where it creates NADPH.
Calvin Cycle- Metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leave in the form of sugar.

27
Q

What is photorespiration, and how do C4 and CAM photosynthesis help a plant avoid it?

A

Photorespiration- Peroxisomes and mitochondria rearrange and split the compound, releasing CO2. Consumes ATP, produces no sugar.
CAM plants- Produce CO2 at night, and store it until the morning. Stomata closes to prevent photorespiration during the daytime.
C4 plants- avoid stomata from opening and causing water loss.

28
Q

What is the interior structure of the chloroplast?

A

Thylakoids, grana, and stroma.

29
Q

What are thylakoids, grana, and stroma?

A

Thylakoids- Sacs suspended within the stroma which segregate the stroma from the thylakoid space inside these sacs.
Grana- Thylakoid sacs that are stacked in columns.
Stroma- A dense fluid that is surrounded by an envelope of two membranes in the chloroplast.

30
Q

What is the evolutionary origin of the reactions of photosynthesis and respiration?

A

Photosynthesis evolved first. Respiration evolved from photosynthesis.

31
Q

What are gap junctions and plasmodesmata?

A

A form of direct communication between cells. Gap junctions are found in animals, plasmodesmata is found in plants.

32
Q

What are tyrosine kinase receptors, ion channel receptors, and intracellular receptors?

A

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors- Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein. They are membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines.
Ion Channel Receptors- Acts as a gate to restrict the flow of certain ions.
Intracellular Receptors- Found in either the cytoplasm or nucleus. Receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane.

33
Q

What are mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

Mitosis- A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells. All cells except for sexual reproduction cells.
Cytokinesis- The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Cleavage furrow in animal cells, cell plate in plant cells.

34
Q

What are the major events of the cell cycle?

A 
Interphase
-G1
-S
-G2
M Phase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
35
Q

What events occur during Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase?

A

Prophase- Nuclear Envelope disappears, mitotic spindle forms. Chromosomes become visible.
Metaphase- Chromosomes begin to align in the middle of the cell, microtubules attach to the chromosomes.
Anaphase- Chromosomes travel up the microtubules to the opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase- Opposite of Prophase. Nuclear envelope reappears, mitotic spindle disappears, and the cleavage furrow (in animals) and the cell plate (in plants) begin to form.

36
Q

How did mitosis evolve?

A

Bacteria –> Dinoflagellates –> Diatoms and Yeasts –> Most Eukaryotes

BIO 181 (2 decks)

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