bio Flashcards
How is energy released from ATP?
Energy is released when ATP loses a phosphate group, becoming ADP.
What processes produce ATP?
ATP is produced by cellular respiration and photosynthesis light-dependent reactions.
Labeling the parts of ATP:
Adenine: The nitrogenous base.
Ribose: The sugar molecule.
Three Phosphates: The chain of phosphate groups, where energy is stored.
Alpha phosphate: Far left one
Beta phosphate: Middle one
Gamma phosphates: Far right one
Which part is present in ATP but not in ADP?
The third phosphate group is present in ATP but not in ADP.
Balanced Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis:
6CO 2+6H 2O+Light→C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
(Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen)
Chloroplast Parts and Processes:
Sunlight: Enters the chloroplast and powers the reactions.
Water (H₂O): Used in the light-dependent reactions, split to release oxygen.
Oxygen (O₂): Released as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions.
Light-Dependent Reactions: Occur in the thylakoid membranes, produce ATP and NADPH.
Calvin Cycle: Occurs in the stroma, uses ATP, NADPH, and CO₂ to produce sugar.
NADPH: Electron carrier produced in the light-dependent reactions.
ATP: Energy carrier produced in the light-dependent reactions.
Sugar (C₆H₁₂O₆): Produced in the Calvin cycle.
NADP+: Recycled in the Calvin cycle to return to the light-dependent reactions.
ADP: Also recycled back to the light-dependent reactions.
Spongy Mesophyll
Function: Facilitates gas exchange (CO₂ and O₂) within the leaf.
Description of Structure: Loosely packed cells with large air spaces between them, located beneath the palisade mesophyll.
Structure-Function Relationship: The large air spaces allow efficient diffusion of gases necessary for photosynthesis and respiration.
Palisade Mesophyll
Function: Main site of photosynthesis.
Description of Structure: Tightly packed, elongated cells rich in chloroplasts, located just below the upper epidermis.
Structure-Function Relationship: The dense arrangement and high chloroplast concentration maximize light absorption for photosynthesis.
Guard Cells
Function: Regulate the opening and closing of stomata to control gas exchange and water loss.
Description of Structure: Bean-shaped cells with thickened inner walls surrounding the stomatal pore.
Structure-Function Relationship: The thick inner walls and elastic outer walls allow guard cells to change shape, opening or closing the stomata depending on water pressure.
Upper Epidermis
Function: Protects the leaf and reduces water loss.
Description of Structure: A single layer of cells, often covered by a waxy cuticle.
Structure-Function Relationship: The transparent nature of the epidermis allows light to pass through to the photosynthetic layers while the cuticle minimizes water loss.
Xylem
Function: Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Description of Structure: Hollow, tubular structures made of dead cells with thick, lignified walls.
Structure-Function Relationship: The hollow and strong lignified walls provide a continuous pathway for water transport and structural support.
Phloem
Function: Transports sugars and nutrients produced in photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.
Description of Structure: Made of living cells such as sieve tubes and companion cells, connected by sieve plates.
Structure-Function Relationship: The sieve tubes allow efficient transport of nutrients, while companion cells provide metabolic support.
