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Y10 Flashcards > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for magnification,actual size and image size

A

Image size
Actual size x Magnification

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2
Q

What are plant cell walls made of

A

Cellulose
Bacteria peptidoglycan(murein)

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3
Q

What is diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is reached.

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4
Q

What factors affect diffusion

A

Surface area,temperature and concentration gradient

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5
Q

How does surface are affect diffusion

A

The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion as the have more area to diffuse across

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6
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion

A

It increases it by giving the particles more kinetic energy increasing their speed and helping the overcome the activation energy

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7
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion

A

Increases it by more particles will randomly move from the area of high conevtration to low concentration

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8
Q

What is diffusion used for in living organisms

A

Used to transfer substances and allow different processes

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9
Q

What substances are moved in and out of cells

A

Gases,simple sugars, water and waste products

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10
Q

What is osmosis

A

The net movement of water particles through a partially permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution

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11
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration against the concentration gradient

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12
Q

What happens to water molecules when they enter a plant cell

A

It would cause the vacuole to either swell or shrivel

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13
Q

What happens when animal cell are placed in a dilute solution

A

They will either lose or take in water and therefore shrivel or burst

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14
Q

What is it called when an animal cell loses water and shrivels

A

Crenation

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15
Q

What is it called when animal cells take in too much water and bursts

A

Lysis

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16
Q

What causes a high/low turgor pressure in a plant cell

A

Water moving in and out of a plant cell swelling/shrivelling the vacuole

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17
Q

What does high turgor pressure cause

A

The cell becoming turgid and causing the plant to wilt

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18
Q

What does low turgor pressure cause

A

The cell to be flaccid causing the plant to be rigid

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19
Q

What is larger eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

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20
Q

What sub-cellular structures do prokaryotes not include

A

Mitochondria or chloroplasts

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21
Q

Where is the DNA found in a Prokaryote

A

It is one molecule that is free in the cytoplasm.

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22
Q

What are plasmids

A

Additional pieces of DNA that are one or more stirngs

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23
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell and why

A

They are biconcave discs that increase the surface area of the cell. This increases diffusion

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24
Q

What are the features of red blood cells

A

Biconcave disc shape
Lots of haemaglobin
No nucleus

25
Q

Is there only one type of white blood cell

A

No

26
Q

What are what are some of the different functions of white blood cells

A

Attacking invading micro-organisms directly,producing antibodies

27
Q

What are ciliated epithelial cells

A

Cells covered in cilia that line the respiratory system and produce mucus to trap dirt and micro-organisms

28
Q

What is plasmolysis

A

A plant cell loses too much water and the cytoplasm shrinks pulling away the cell membrne from the cell wall

29
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

Information in the form of chromosomes

30
Q

How many chromosomes do human cells contain

A

23 pairs of chromsomes

31
Q

What is a gene

A

A small part of DNA which makes up the chromosome. It determines a certain characteristic in the organism

32
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

The cycle body cells go through to divide into two with the exact same genes with little variation

33
Q

how many stages are in the cell cycle

A

3

34
Q

What is stage 1 of the cell cycle

A

Replication of the DNA in the nucleus forming two copies of each chromosome

Subcellular stuctures are also produced

This is the longest stage

35
Q

What is stage 2 of the cell cycle

A

Mitosis occurs

36
Q

What is mitosis

A

When the chromosomes move apart and the nucleus splits in two.

37
Q

What is stage 3 of the cell cycle

A

The cell divides in two

38
Q

What is the name for a fertilised egg cell

A

The zygote

39
Q

What are embryos made of

A

Embryonic stem cells

40
Q

What is differentiation

A

The name of the process by which cells become “specialised” for specific jobs

41
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Cells made from mitosis at the end of fertilisation that can differentiate into different specialised cells.

Until then, the cells are considered undifferentiated

42
Q

What happens inside the apical meristem in a plant

A

Mitosis is constantly occurring so that the plant can grow. All of these cells are undifferentiated.

43
Q

What are the names of the two vessels inside the vascular cylinder of a plant

A

The xylem and phloem

44
Q

What is the purpose of the xylem

A

It can transport both water and minerals up throughout the plant

45
Q

What is the purpose of the phloem

A

It can move food substances(glucose) made from photosynthesis throughout the plant

46
Q

What are the three main nutrients

A

Carbohydrates,proteins and lipids(fats)

47
Q

Why does the body need carbohydrates

A

They act as fuel/energy that can make other chemical reactions in the body.

This energy can be either short term(simple sugars) or long term(complex carbohydrates)

48
Q

Why does the body need proteins

A

It allows for the growth of new cells and the repair of tissue in the body

49
Q

Why does the body need lipids

A

They are efficient energy stores and for other animals can be insulation

50
Q

What does hypertonic mean

A

When the surrounding solution is more concentrated and the inner solution is more dilute

51
Q

What does isotonic mean

A

When both the surrounding and inner solutions are equally concentrated/dilute

52
Q

What does hypotonic mean

A

When the surrounding solution is more dilute than the inner solution which is more concentrted

53
Q

Gametes contain half the amount of genetic material(true or false)

A

True

54
Q

How many unpaired chromosomes does the sperm and egg cell have each

A

23

55
Q

What are the parts/structures of the ovum/egg cell

A

Nucleus,cytoplasm and a layer of jelly

56
Q

Structures of nerve cells

A

Nucleus,cytoplasm,cell membrane,axon and sheath

57
Q

What is the axon in a nerve cell and what is it insulated in

A

It is the main body of the nerve cell

It is insulated in myelin to prevent electrical signals from being lost

58
Q

Why do muscles look straped or striated

A

The muscle is made of thin filaments that can slide over eachother

59
Q

What helps muscles contract

A

Special proteins

Y10 Flashcards (7 decks)

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