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Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula for magnification,actual size and image size

A

Image size
Actual size x Magnification

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2
Q

What are plant cell walls made of

A

Cellulose
Bacteria peptidoglycan(murein)

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3
Q

What is diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is reached.

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4
Q

What factors affect diffusion

A

Surface area,temperature and concentration gradient

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5
Q

How does surface are affect diffusion

A

The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion as the have more area to diffuse across

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6
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion

A

It increases it by giving the particles more kinetic energy increasing their speed and helping the overcome the activation energy

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7
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion

A

Increases it by more particles will randomly move from the area of high conevtration to low concentration

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8
Q

What is diffusion used for in living organisms

A

Used to transfer substances and allow different processes

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9
Q

What substances are moved in and out of cells

A

Gases,simple sugars, water and waste products

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10
Q

What is osmosis

A

The net movement of water particles through a partially permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution

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11
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration against the concentration gradient

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12
Q

What happens to water molecules when they enter a plant cell

A

It would cause the vacuole to either swell or shrivel

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13
Q

What happens when animal cell are placed in a dilute solution

A

They will either lose or take in water and therefore shrivel or burst

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14
Q

What is it called when an animal cell loses water and shrivels

A

Crenation

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15
Q

What is it called when animal cells take in too much water and bursts

A

Lysis

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16
Q

What causes a high/low turgor pressure in a plant cell

A

Water moving in and out of a plant cell swelling/shrivelling the vacuole

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17
Q

What does high turgor pressure cause

A

The cell becoming turgid and causing the plant to wilt

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18
Q

What does low turgor pressure cause

A

The cell to be flaccid causing the plant to be rigid

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19
Q

What is larger eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

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20
Q

What sub-cellular structures do prokaryotes not include

A

Mitochondria or chloroplasts

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21
Q

Where is the DNA found in a Prokaryote

A

It is one molecule that is free in the cytoplasm.

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22
Q

What are plasmids

A

Additional pieces of DNA that are one or more stirngs

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23
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell and why

A

They are biconcave discs that increase the surface area of the cell. This increases diffusion

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24
Q

What are the features of red blood cells

A

Biconcave disc shape
Lots of haemaglobin
No nucleus

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25
Is there only one type of white blood cell
No
26
What are what are some of the different functions of white blood cells
Attacking invading micro-organisms directly,producing antibodies
27
What are ciliated epithelial cells
Cells covered in cilia that line the respiratory system and produce mucus to trap dirt and micro-organisms
28
What is plasmolysis
A plant cell loses too much water and the cytoplasm shrinks pulling away the cell membrne from the cell wall
29
What does the nucleus contain
Information in the form of chromosomes
30
How many chromosomes do human cells contain
23 pairs of chromsomes
31
What is a gene
A small part of DNA which makes up the chromosome. It determines a certain characteristic in the organism
32
What is the cell cycle
The cycle body cells go through to divide into two with the exact same genes with little variation
33
how many stages are in the cell cycle
3
34
What is stage 1 of the cell cycle
Replication of the DNA in the nucleus forming two copies of each chromosome Subcellular stuctures are also produced This is the longest stage
35
What is stage 2 of the cell cycle
Mitosis occurs
36
What is mitosis
When the chromosomes move apart and the nucleus splits in two.
37
What is stage 3 of the cell cycle
The cell divides in two
38
What is the name for a fertilised egg cell
The zygote
39
What are embryos made of
Embryonic stem cells
40
What is differentiation
The name of the process by which cells become "specialised" for specific jobs
41
What are embryonic stem cells
Cells made from mitosis at the end of fertilisation that can differentiate into different specialised cells. Until then, the cells are considered undifferentiated
42
What happens inside the apical meristem in a plant
Mitosis is constantly occurring so that the plant can grow. All of these cells are undifferentiated.
43
What are the names of the two vessels inside the vascular cylinder of a plant
The xylem and phloem
44
What is the purpose of the xylem
It can transport both water and minerals up throughout the plant
45
What is the purpose of the phloem
It can move food substances(glucose) made from photosynthesis throughout the plant
46
What are the three main nutrients
Carbohydrates,proteins and lipids(fats)
47
Why does the body need carbohydrates
They act as fuel/energy that can make other chemical reactions in the body. This energy can be either short term(simple sugars) or long term(complex carbohydrates)
48
Why does the body need proteins
It allows for the growth of new cells and the repair of tissue in the body
49
Why does the body need lipids
They are efficient energy stores and for other animals can be insulation
50
What does hypertonic mean
When the surrounding solution is more concentrated and the inner solution is more dilute
51
What does isotonic mean
When both the surrounding and inner solutions are equally concentrated/dilute
52
What does hypotonic mean
When the surrounding solution is more dilute than the inner solution which is more concentrted
53
Gametes contain half the amount of genetic material(true or false)
True
54
How many unpaired chromosomes does the sperm and egg cell have each
23
55
What are the parts/structures of the ovum/egg cell
Nucleus,cytoplasm and a layer of jelly
56
Structures of nerve cells
Nucleus,cytoplasm,cell membrane,axon and sheath
57
What is the axon in a nerve cell and what is it insulated in
It is the main body of the nerve cell It is insulated in myelin to prevent electrical signals from being lost
58
Why do muscles look straped or striated
The muscle is made of thin filaments that can slide over eachother
59
What helps muscles contract
Special proteins
60
How are viruses different to other protists
-They are very small -they invade cell and reproduce in them(damaging the cells in the process
61
What are some examples of viruses
Measles,HIV,TMV(tobacco mosaic virus)
62
Symptoms of measles
Fever and red skin rash
63
How is measles spread
Through inhalation of droplets from cough and sneezes
64
How can measles be treated
There is no treatment however we can only prevent the spread through isolation
65
What are the symptoms of HIV
Mild,flu-like illness
66
How does the HIV virus harm the body
Attacks the immune system and remains hidden until it is compromised
67
What can the HIV virus lead to
AIDS
68
How is HIV spread
It can be spread through bodily fluids such as blood,needles and more
69
How is HIV treated
It cant be treated however it can be prevented through the use of condoms,not sharing needles and such
70
How is TMV spread
It is spread through contact between healthy and infected plants with insects as the vector
71
What is a vector
Organisms that transmit diseases
72
How is TMV treated
It cannot be treated but its spread can be prevented by good field hygiene and pest control
73
What are bacteria
Small,single-celled organisms that are very different to plant and animal cells
74
What are types of bacteria
Salmonella,gonorrhoea
75
What is salmonella and where are they found
Salmonella is a bacteria that lives in the guts of many different animals
76
What are the symptoms of salmonella
Fever,abdominal cramps,diarrhoea,vomiting
77
How can salmonella be prevented
Keeping raw chicken away from food,being washed,washing hands, cooking chicken thoroughly
78
What is gonorrhoea
An STD
79
How is gonorrhoea spread
Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
80
What are the short term symptoms of gonorrhoea
Thick yellow/green discharge Pain from urination
81
What are the long term symptoms of gonorrhoea
Long term pelvic pain,infertility,ectopic pregnancies
82
Can gonorrhoea be treated
It can be with antibiotics
83
What are protists
Small,single-celled organisms that are relatively rare pathogens
84
What is an example of a fungal disease
Rose black spot
85
What are some symptoms of rose black spot infection
Purple or black spots on leaves Yellow and falling leaves
86
How is rose black spot spread
The spores are spread by the wind and are spread between plants through insects
87
Rose black spot can be prevent by
-removing and burning infected leaves -using fungicides -breed more resistant plants
88
What are the symptoms of malaria
Recurrent episodes of fever and shaking
89
How can the spread of malaria be contorlled
-use insecticide -cover or spray water to reduce the amount of vector -use insect nets

Y10 Flashcards (7 decks)

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