bio

Question 1

what is the normal path of sperm movement from male testis to the point of fert

Answer 1

male body to female: Seminiferous tubules → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra –> penis then vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube

Question 2

a mjor funciton of ___ to help mammals regualte their body temp by reducing the amount of heat lot to environement

Answer 2

hair

Question 3

when muscles in the skin conract and hair on skin stands up - this could be functioning as a regulator for

Answer 3

body temp

Question 4

a sharp rise in level of serum albumin (blood) becasue of

Answer 4

influx of IF into the blood - result in inc of bp - albumin cannot cross the capillary walls - not likely to get out of blood

Question 5

if chromosal dupliction before tetrad formation happened twice (normal is one) what happen to single speratocyte

Answer 5

4 diploid sperm

Question 6

when do tetrads form

Answer 6

Tetrads form when two homologous chromosomes line up next to each other during Prophase I of meiosis.

Question 7

Once mRNAs enter the cytoplasm, they are

Answer 7

translated, stored for later translation, or degraded. - Initial translation of mRNAs may be followed by a brief translational repression. In the end, every mRNA is destroyed at a specific pace.

Question 8

with prok describe when transcription and when translation happen

Answer 8

simultaenously

Question 9

in euk where does transc, and transl occur

Answer 9

nucleus, and cytoplasm

Question 10

____ acts as a emulsifier facilition ___ digestion

Answer 10

bile, fa

Question 11

after gall bladder is removed from patient the patient will most likely have reduced ability to digest

Answer 11

fat

Question 12

use this formula when want to calculate the different possible gametes that can be formed by diploid organisms as result of independant assortment of chromosomes

Answer 12

2 n - where n is the haploid number

Question 13

organism has three pairs of chromosomes AaBbCc in its diploid cells, how many genotypically different kinds of haploid cells can it produce

Answer 13

2 to the 3 = 8

Question 14

in human knee jerk reflex what is the process of the nerve impulses that is travelling

Answer 14

sensory neuron then motor neuron – th ehit activate the sensory neuron that will direct synapse with the motor neuron in the spinal cord

Question 15

The knee-jerk reflex is a _______reflex. Meaning only ______ is involved between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.

Answer 15

monosynaptic, one synapse

Question 16

If one or more interneurons are involved, it would be a _____reflex. Which involves other reflexes like_____

Answer 16

polysynaptic, withdrawal reflex. - invovles sensory to assocaite or interneuorn then motor - multiple

Question 17

autonomic reflec affects the _____ and somatic affects the

Answer 17

inner organs, muscles

Question 18

codominance means ___________ incomplete dominance ________

Answer 18

you see both of the traits such as having a cow with black spots means it has white and black genes, and would be a mix of the traits like having a white and red flower make a pink flower.

Question 19

synthesis of antibody protein in euk cells is associated with what organelle

Answer 19

ER

Question 20

____ binds to _____ during contraction and will remain bound until phosphorylated with ATP

Answer 20

myosin binds to actin - ATP also binds to myosin not actin

Question 21

this is a oxygen binding pigment in muscle

Answer 21

myoglobin - contains only one subunit of globin,

Question 22

which if the following structures is derived from the same germ cell layer as the heart (meso)

Answer 22

bone, blood, CT, muscles tendons, and organs like kidney, heart, gonads,

Question 23

spinal cord is what layer germ

Answer 23

ectoderm

Question 24

what germ layer is liver

Answer 24

endo

Question 25

what layer is epidermic skin vs dermis of skin

Answer 25

ecto, meso

Question 26

layer of epithelial lining of mouth and anus

Answer 26

ecto

Question 27

epilthelian lining of digestive tract, resp, reproductive sys, urethra, bladder

Answer 27

endo

Question 28

layer of the notochrod

Answer 28

meso

Question 29

the skeletal system is what layer

Answer 29

meso

Question 30

the eye, nervous sys, sensory receptors, tooth part of

Answer 30

ecto

Question 31

epithelial lining of the pineal and pit glands

Answer 31

ecto

Question 32

reproductive organs what layer

Answer 32

meso

Question 33

lining of the body caivty, circ or lymphatic system is what layer

Answer 33

meso

Question 34

th ethymus, pancreas, and thryoids, and PT gland is

Answer 34

endo

Question 35

the adrenal medulla is what layer and then the adrenal cortex

Answer 35

ecto, endo

Question 36

viruses replicate through _____ and bacteria replicate by

Answer 36

replicating within a host cell, and binary fission

Question 37

both bacteria and virsues have ____ outer covering, lack a _____ and both contain ____

Answer 37

rigid, nuclear membrane, and both have rna or protein

Question 38

HIV is a retrovirus for the virus to reproduce it needs to be converted to ____ which req this enzyme

Answer 38

DNA, RT

Question 39

if the thoracic wall is peirced (sucking chest wound) air enters ___

Answer 39

pleaural cavity - which is the space bw lungs and thoracic wall

Question 40

binding of the operator, binding of the mrna, and insertion of a stop codon would all be effective ways to

Answer 40

prevent synthesis of the superantigen

Question 41

what cell predict to have the highest rate of endocytosis

Answer 41

macrophage - job is to clear cell and tissue debris and foreign

Question 42

neurons secrete ____ by exocytosis

Answer 42

neurotransmitters - NOT ENGAGE IN ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 43

translation of antibody protein in euk cells associated with what organelle

Answer 43

ER

Question 44

THE ADH acts to decrease urine output by inc the water permeability of walls of what part of nephron

Answer 44

distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 45

what is needed for pyruvate to be formed

Answer 45

ATP, NAD,

Question 46

______is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate and vice versa, while also converting NADH to NAD.

Answer 46

Lactate dehydrogenase - uses nadh

Question 47

epinepr is secreted by

Answer 47

adrenal medulla + control by ANS

Question 48

cortisone secretion is regulate by

Answer 48

ACTH - ant pit

Question 49

progesterone is regaulte by

Answer 49

LH -

Question 50

thyroxin is regulated by

Answer 50

TSH

Question 51

The anterior pituitary gland secretes 7 hormones:

Answer 51

follicle -stimulating hormone, luteinizing horomone, adrenocorticotropic horomone, thyroid -stimulating horomone, prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone.

Question 52

____restrains prolactin production, so the more dopamine there is, the ____prolactin is released. Prolactin itself enhances the secretion of dopamine, so this creates a negative feedback loop.

Answer 52

Dopamine, less

Question 53

what the hypothalamic hormones

Answer 53

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Somatostatin Dopamine

Question 54

TRH triggers pos release of

Answer 54

prolactin and thyroid st. hormone

Question 55

SRIF in the hypo is negative for what

Answer 55

GH, TSH

Question 56

anterior pit hormones

Answer 56

FLAT PeG Mnemonic

Question 57

What is the inorganic component of bone

Answer 57

CaPO4OH - calcium, phosphate, and hydroxyl groups

Question 58

order of the strands -

Answer 58

coding, template, mrna -- CT - and use the TEMPLATE FOR MRNA