bio Flashcards
what is the normal path of sperm movement from male testis to the point of fert
male body to female: Seminiferous tubules → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra –> penis then vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube
a mjor funciton of ___ to help mammals regualte their body temp by reducing the amount of heat lot to environement
hair
when muscles in the skin conract and hair on skin stands up - this could be functioning as a regulator for
body temp
a sharp rise in level of serum albumin (blood) becasue of
influx of IF into the blood - result in inc of bp - albumin cannot cross the capillary walls - not likely to get out of blood
if chromosal dupliction before tetrad formation happened twice (normal is one) what happen to single speratocyte
4 diploid sperm
when do tetrads form
Tetrads form when two homologous chromosomes line up next to each other during Prophase I of meiosis.
Once mRNAs enter the cytoplasm, they are
translated, stored for later translation, or degraded. - Initial translation of mRNAs may be followed by a brief translational repression. In the end, every mRNA is destroyed at a specific pace.
with prok describe when transcription and when translation happen
simultaenously
in euk where does transc, and transl occur
nucleus, and cytoplasm
____ acts as a emulsifier facilition ___ digestion
bile, fa
after gall bladder is removed from patient the patient will most likely have reduced ability to digest
fat
use this formula when want to calculate the different possible gametes that can be formed by diploid organisms as result of independant assortment of chromosomes
2 n - where n is the haploid number
organism has three pairs of chromosomes AaBbCc in its diploid cells, how many genotypically different kinds of haploid cells can it produce
2 to the 3 = 8
in human knee jerk reflex what is the process of the nerve impulses that is travelling
sensory neuron then motor neuron – th ehit activate the sensory neuron that will direct synapse with the motor neuron in the spinal cord
The knee-jerk reflex is a _______reflex. Meaning only ______ is involved between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.
monosynaptic, one synapse
If one or more interneurons are involved, it would be a _____reflex. Which involves other reflexes like_____
polysynaptic, withdrawal reflex. - invovles sensory to assocaite or interneuorn then motor - multiple
autonomic reflec affects the _____ and somatic affects the
inner organs, muscles
codominance means ___________ incomplete dominance ________
you see both of the traits such as having a cow with black spots means it has white and black genes, and would be a mix of the traits like having a white and red flower make a pink flower.
synthesis of antibody protein in euk cells is associated with what organelle
ER
____ binds to _____ during contraction and will remain bound until phosphorylated with ATP
myosin binds to actin - ATP also binds to myosin not actin
this is a oxygen binding pigment in muscle
myoglobin - contains only one subunit of globin,
which if the following structures is derived from the same germ cell layer as the heart (meso)
bone, blood, CT, muscles tendons, and organs like kidney, heart, gonads,
spinal cord is what layer germ
ectoderm
what germ layer is liver
endo
what layer is epidermic skin vs dermis of skin
ecto, meso
layer of epithelial lining of mouth and anus
ecto
epilthelian lining of digestive tract, resp, reproductive sys, urethra, bladder
endo
layer of the notochrod
meso
the skeletal system is what layer
meso
the eye, nervous sys, sensory receptors, tooth part of
ecto
epithelial lining of the pineal and pit glands
ecto
reproductive organs what layer
meso
lining of the body caivty, circ or lymphatic system is what layer
meso
th ethymus, pancreas, and thryoids, and PT gland is
endo
the adrenal medulla is what layer and then the adrenal cortex
ecto, endo
viruses replicate through _____ and bacteria replicate by
replicating within a host cell, and binary fission
both bacteria and virsues have ____ outer covering, lack a _____ and both contain ____
rigid, nuclear membrane, and both have rna or protein
HIV is a retrovirus for the virus to reproduce it needs to be converted to ____ which req this enzyme
DNA, RT
if the thoracic wall is peirced (sucking chest wound) air enters ___
pleaural cavity - which is the space bw lungs and thoracic wall
binding of the operator, binding of the mrna, and insertion of a stop codon would all be effective ways to
prevent synthesis of the superantigen
what cell predict to have the highest rate of endocytosis
macrophage - job is to clear cell and tissue debris and foreign
neurons secrete ____ by exocytosis
neurotransmitters - NOT ENGAGE IN ENDOCYTOSIS
translation of antibody protein in euk cells associated with what organelle
ER
THE ADH acts to decrease urine output by inc the water permeability of walls of what part of nephron
distal tubule and collecting duct
what is needed for pyruvate to be formed
ATP, NAD,
______is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate and vice versa, while also converting NADH to NAD.
Lactate dehydrogenase - uses nadh
epinepr is secreted by
adrenal medulla + control by ANS
cortisone secretion is regulate by
ACTH - ant pit
progesterone is regaulte by
LH -
thyroxin is regulated by
TSH
The anterior pituitary gland secretes 7 hormones:
follicle -stimulating hormone, luteinizing horomone, adrenocorticotropic horomone, thyroid -stimulating horomone, prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone.
____restrains prolactin production, so the more dopamine there is, the ____prolactin is released. Prolactin itself enhances the secretion of dopamine, so this creates a negative feedback loop.
Dopamine, less
what the hypothalamic hormones
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Somatostatin
Dopamine
TRH triggers pos release of
prolactin and thyroid st. hormone
SRIF in the hypo is negative for what
GH, TSH
anterior pit hormones
FLAT PeG Mnemonic
What is the inorganic component of bone
CaPO4OH - calcium, phosphate, and hydroxyl groups
order of the strands -
coding, template, mrna – CT - and use the TEMPLATE FOR MRNA
