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AAMC INDEPENDANT > bio > Flashcards

bio Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal path of sperm movement from male testis to the point of fert

A

male body to female: Seminiferous tubules → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra –> penis then vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube

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2
Q

a mjor funciton of ___ to help mammals regualte their body temp by reducing the amount of heat lot to environement

A

hair

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3
Q

when muscles in the skin conract and hair on skin stands up - this could be functioning as a regulator for

A

body temp

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4
Q

a sharp rise in level of serum albumin (blood) becasue of

A

influx of IF into the blood - result in inc of bp - albumin cannot cross the capillary walls - not likely to get out of blood

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5
Q

if chromosal dupliction before tetrad formation happened twice (normal is one) what happen to single speratocyte

A

4 diploid sperm

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6
Q

when do tetrads form

A

Tetrads form when two homologous chromosomes line up next to each other during Prophase I of meiosis.

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7
Q

Once mRNAs enter the cytoplasm, they are

A

translated, stored for later translation, or degraded. - Initial translation of mRNAs may be followed by a brief translational repression. In the end, every mRNA is destroyed at a specific pace.

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8
Q

with prok describe when transcription and when translation happen

A

simultaenously

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9
Q

in euk where does transc, and transl occur

A

nucleus, and cytoplasm

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10
Q

____ acts as a emulsifier facilition ___ digestion

A

bile, fa

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11
Q

after gall bladder is removed from patient the patient will most likely have reduced ability to digest

A

fat

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12
Q

use this formula when want to calculate the different possible gametes that can be formed by diploid organisms as result of independant assortment of chromosomes

A

2 n - where n is the haploid number

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13
Q

organism has three pairs of chromosomes AaBbCc in its diploid cells, how many genotypically different kinds of haploid cells can it produce

A

2 to the 3 = 8

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14
Q

in human knee jerk reflex what is the process of the nerve impulses that is travelling

A

sensory neuron then motor neuron – th ehit activate the sensory neuron that will direct synapse with the motor neuron in the spinal cord

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15
Q

The knee-jerk reflex is a _______reflex. Meaning only ______ is involved between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.

A

monosynaptic, one synapse

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16
Q

If one or more interneurons are involved, it would be a _____reflex. Which involves other reflexes like_____

A

polysynaptic, withdrawal reflex. - invovles sensory to assocaite or interneuorn then motor - multiple

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17
Q

autonomic reflec affects the _____ and somatic affects the

A

inner organs, muscles

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18
Q

codominance means ___________ incomplete dominance ________

A

you see both of the traits such as having a cow with black spots means it has white and black genes, and would be a mix of the traits like having a white and red flower make a pink flower.

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19
Q

synthesis of antibody protein in euk cells is associated with what organelle

A

ER

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20
Q

____ binds to _____ during contraction and will remain bound until phosphorylated with ATP

A

myosin binds to actin - ATP also binds to myosin not actin

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21
Q

this is a oxygen binding pigment in muscle

A

myoglobin - contains only one subunit of globin,

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22
Q

which if the following structures is derived from the same germ cell layer as the heart (meso)

A

bone, blood, CT, muscles tendons, and organs like kidney, heart, gonads,

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23
Q

spinal cord is what layer germ

A

ectoderm

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24
Q

what germ layer is liver

A

endo

25
Q

what layer is epidermic skin vs dermis of skin

A

ecto, meso

26
Q

layer of epithelial lining of mouth and anus

A

ecto

27
Q

epilthelian lining of digestive tract, resp, reproductive sys, urethra, bladder

A

endo

28
Q

layer of the notochrod

A

meso

29
Q

the skeletal system is what layer

A

meso

30
Q

the eye, nervous sys, sensory receptors, tooth part of

A

ecto

31
Q

epithelial lining of the pineal and pit glands

A

ecto

32
Q

reproductive organs what layer

A

meso

33
Q

lining of the body caivty, circ or lymphatic system is what layer

A

meso

34
Q

th ethymus, pancreas, and thryoids, and PT gland is

A

endo

35
Q

the adrenal medulla is what layer and then the adrenal cortex

A

ecto, endo

36
Q

viruses replicate through _____ and bacteria replicate by

A

replicating within a host cell, and binary fission

37
Q

both bacteria and virsues have ____ outer covering, lack a _____ and both contain ____

A

rigid, nuclear membrane, and both have rna or protein

38
Q

HIV is a retrovirus for the virus to reproduce it needs to be converted to ____ which req this enzyme

A

DNA, RT

39
Q

if the thoracic wall is peirced (sucking chest wound) air enters ___

A

pleaural cavity - which is the space bw lungs and thoracic wall

40
Q

binding of the operator, binding of the mrna, and insertion of a stop codon would all be effective ways to

A

prevent synthesis of the superantigen

41
Q

what cell predict to have the highest rate of endocytosis

A

macrophage - job is to clear cell and tissue debris and foreign

42
Q

neurons secrete ____ by exocytosis

A

neurotransmitters - NOT ENGAGE IN ENDOCYTOSIS

43
Q

translation of antibody protein in euk cells associated with what organelle

A

ER

44
Q

THE ADH acts to decrease urine output by inc the water permeability of walls of what part of nephron

A

distal tubule and collecting duct

45
Q

what is needed for pyruvate to be formed

A

ATP, NAD,

46
Q

______is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate and vice versa, while also converting NADH to NAD.

A

Lactate dehydrogenase - uses nadh

47
Q

epinepr is secreted by

A

adrenal medulla + control by ANS

48
Q

cortisone secretion is regulate by

A

ACTH - ant pit

49
Q

progesterone is regaulte by

A

LH -

50
Q

thyroxin is regulated by

A

TSH

51
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes 7 hormones:

A

follicle -stimulating hormone, luteinizing horomone, adrenocorticotropic horomone, thyroid -stimulating horomone, prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone.

52
Q

____restrains prolactin production, so the more dopamine there is, the ____prolactin is released. Prolactin itself enhances the secretion of dopamine, so this creates a negative feedback loop.

A

Dopamine, less

53
Q

what the hypothalamic hormones

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Somatostatin
Dopamine

54
Q

TRH triggers pos release of

A

prolactin and thyroid st. hormone

55
Q

SRIF in the hypo is negative for what

A

GH, TSH

56
Q

anterior pit hormones

A

FLAT PeG Mnemonic

57
Q

What is the inorganic component of bone

A

CaPO4OH - calcium, phosphate, and hydroxyl groups

58
Q

order of the strands -

A

coding, template, mrna – CT - and use the TEMPLATE FOR MRNA

59
Q
A

AAMC INDEPENDANT (5 decks)

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