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Biology 160 > BIO 160: Chapter 8: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

BIO 160: Chapter 8: The Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Axial Skeleton

A 
The axial skeleton forms the CENTRAL supporting axis of the body, includes:
Skull
Auditory Ossicles
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column, 
Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum).
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2
Q

Define: Appendicular Skeleton

A

Think appendages, includes:

bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle and bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle.

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3
Q

How many bones at birth?

A

270

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4
Q

How many bones in adult?

A

206

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5
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

They are bones that form within some tendons in response to strain. The patella (knee cap) is the largest of these; most of the others are small, rounded bones in such locations as the hands and feet.

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6
Q

What are extra bones in the skull called?

A

Sutural ( think of the ‘sutures’ found there) or wormian bones.

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7
Q

Break down: Sesamoid

A

Sesam= sesame seed; oid= resembling

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8
Q

What is an articulated skeleton?

A

It is a skeleton where dried bones are held together by wires and rods to show their spatial relationships to each other.

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9
Q

What is a Disarticulated bones

A

Bones taken apart so their surface features can be studied in more detail.

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10
Q

Condyle

A

A rounded knob that articulates with another bone. ( occipital condyles of the skull)

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11
Q

Facet

A

A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface (articular facets of the vertebrae)

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12
Q

Head

A

The prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded (head of the femur)

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13
Q

Which Anatomical Features of bones are Articulations?

A

Condyle
Facet
Head

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14
Q

What anatomical features of bones are classed as Extensions and projections?

A 
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Process
Protuberance
Spine
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Depressions
Alveolus
Fossa
Fovea
Sulcus
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15
Q

Crest

A

A narrow ridge (iliac crest of the pelvis)

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16
Q

Epicondyle

A

An expanded region superior to a condyle (medial epicondyle of the femur)

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17
Q

Line

A

A slightly raised, elongated ridge (nuchal lines of the skull)

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18
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence (mastoid process of the skull

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19
Q

Protuberance

A

A bony outgrowth or protruding part (mental protuberance of the chin)

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20
Q

Spine

A

A sharp, slender, or narrow process (mental spines of the mandible)

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21
Q

Trochanter

A

Two massive processes unique to the femur

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22
Q

Tubercle

A

A small, rounded process (greater tubercle of the humerus)

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23
Q

Tuberosity

A

A rough elevated surface (tibial tuberosity)

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24
Q

What Anatomical features of bones are classed as Depressions?

A

Alveolus
Fossa
Fovea
Sulcus

25
Q

Alveolus

A

A pit or socket (tooth socket)

26
Q

Fossa

A

A shallow, broad, or elongated basin (mandibular fossa)

27
Q

Fovea

A

A small pit (fovea capitis of the femur)

28
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel (interubercular sulcus of the humerus)

29
Q

What anatomical features of bones are classed as Passages and cavities?

A 
Canal
Fissure
Foramen
Meatus
Sinus
30
Q

Canal

A

A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone (auditory canal of the skull)

31
Q

Fissure

A

A slit through a bone (orbital fissures behind the eye)

32
Q

Foramen

A

A hole through a bone, usually round (foramen magnum of the skull)

33
Q

Meatus

A

An opening into a canal (external acoustic meatus of the ear)

34
Q

Sinus

A

An air-filled space in a bone (frontal sinus of the forehead)

35
Q

What are sutures?

A

Immovable joints, that are visible as seams on the surface.

36
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

encloses the brain

37
Q

Orbits

A

eye sockets (cavities)

38
Q

Bones of the skull have foramina - singular, foramen - holes, what are they for?

A

Foramen holes are to allow the passage for nerves and blood vessels.

39
Q

Cranial Bones

A

Are those that enclose the brain; collectively they compose the CRANIUM (braincase)

40
Q

What are the 4 sinus bones called?

A 
Sphenoid Sinus
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
They are connected with the nasal cavity, lined by mucous membranes, and filled with air
41
Q

What are the cavities that make up the skull?

A 
Cranial Cavity
Orbits (eye sockets)
Nasal Cavity
Oral (buccal) Cavity
Middle- and inner-ear cavities
Paranasal sinuses
42
Q

The delicate brain tissue does not come directly into contact with the bones, but is separated from them by three membranes called the _____

A

Meninges (Meh-NIN-jeez) The thickest and toughest of these, the Dura Mater, lies loosely against the inside of the cranium in most places but is firmly attached to it at a few points.
Dura= strong; Mater= mother

43
Q

The cranium is a rigid structure with an opening, the ____ _________ meaning “large hole”, where the spinal cord meets the brain.

A

Foramen Magnum (Large hole)

44
Q

The cranium consists of 2 major parts=

A 
The Calvaria (skullcap) is not a single bone, but simply the dome of the top of the skull; it is composed of parts of multiple bones that form the roof and walls.
The Base (floor) of the cranial cavity, which exhibits 3 paired depressions called cranial fossae (p242)
45
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

The anterior cranial fossa is crescent-shaped and accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain.

46
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A

The middle cranial fossa drops abruptly deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is shaped like a pair of outstretched bird’s wings and accommodates the temporal lobes.

47
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

The posterior cranial fossa is deepest and houses a large posterior division of the brain called the cerebellum.

48
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones?

A 
Page 238
1 frontal bone..Orange
2 parietal bones..Pink
2 temporal bones..Purple
1 occipital bone..Green
1 sphenoid bone..Blue
1 ethmoid bone..Light green
49
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Extends from the forehead back to a prominent Coronal Suture, which crosses the crown of the head from right to left and joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones. The Frontal bone forms the anterior wall and about 1/3 of the roof of the cranial cavity.

50
Q

Supraorbital margin

A

Deep to the eyebrows the frontal bone has a ridge called the supraorbital margin. Each margin is perforated by a single supraorbital foramen which provides passage for a nerve, artery, and veins.

51
Q

Glabella

A

The smooth area of the frontal bone just above the root of the nose.

52
Q

Parietal bones

A

The right and left parietal bones form most of the cranial roof and part of its walls. It has 4 sutures that connect them to other neighbouring bones: Sagittal suture-pink/pink, coronal suture-orange/pink, lambdoid suture-pink/green, squamous suture-purple/pink. (p 238/240). The parietal bones have markings where the bone has moulded around blood vessels of the meninges.

53
Q

Parietal Foramen

A

Externally, the parietal bones have few features, a parietal foramen sometimes occurs near the corner of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures.

54
Q

Temporal lines

A

A pair of slight thickenings, the superior and inferior temporal lines form an arc across the parietal and frontal bones (large arches around ear p.238) They mark the attachment of the large fan-shaped temporalis muscle, a chewing muscle that inserts on the mandible.

55
Q

Temporal Bones

A

Forms the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity. It has 4 parts:
1) The squamous part (flat and vertical)
:Zygomatic process (back of cheek bone)
:Mandibular fossa (jaw joint)
2) The tympanic part (a small ring of bone)
:External acoustic meatus (opening of ear canal)
:Styloid process (pointed spine)
3) The mastoid part
:Mastoid process (prominent lump behind earlobe)
:Mastoid notch (origin of the digastric muscle, which opens the mouth
4) The petrous part (cranial floor, looks like a mountain range dividing the middle cranial fossa from the posterior fossa)
:Internal acoustic meatus
:Carotid canal (passage for internal carotid artery)
:Jugular foramen (blood from the brain drains through this foramen into the internal jugular vein of the neck.

56
Q

Occipital bone

A

The occipital bone forms near the rear of the skull and much of its base.

57
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Allows the spinal cord to enter the cranial cavity and provides a point of attachment for the dura mater. In head injuries, swelling of the brain can force the brainstem out through the foramen magnum, usually having fatal consequences.

58
Q

Occipital Condyle

A

On either side of the foramen magnum is a smooth know called the occipital condyle, where the skull rests on the vertebral column.

Biology 160 (4 decks)

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