bio

Question 1

facultatively sexual

Answer 1

can reproduce sexually (through pollination) or asexually (through vegetative propagation)

Question 2

asexual reproduction

Answer 2

bacteria and archaea
produce exact copy of self, no genetic exchange of information
evolve through mutation and horizontal genetic exchange from other organisms

Question 3

parthenogenesis

Answer 3

type of aasexual reproduction reproduction where females produce offspring
unfertilized diploid egg (clones, no meiosis)
dna in haploid eggs replicates (haploid to diploid, not clone)

Question 4

dioecious

Answer 4

every organism is either a male or a female with spearate reproductive parts, but cannot be both (such as Ginkgo trees, humans)

Question 5

monoecious

Answer 5

separate male and female sex organs in the same individual but in different structures such as plants with different flowers for male or female parts

Question 6

hermaphrodite

Answer 6

sex organs occur together, simultaneously acting as amale and female, such as snails and slugs

Question 7

sequential monoecy

Answer 7

sex change occurs at some point in development
ex. all born female, but largest member in group changes to male. when that male dies, the next largest female changes to male

Question 8

Protandry

Answer 8

male turned female

Question 9

Protogyny

Answer 9

female turned male

Question 10

benefits of sexual reproduction

Answer 10

speeds up evolution (increases beneficial mutations in individuals, and decreases harmful mutations more quickly)
Decreases the likelihood of extinction (more variety)

Question 11

cost of meiosis

Answer 11

only passing down 50% of genome to next generation, while asexual individuals pass 100% of genome

Question 12

cost of making males

Answer 12

females only need genetic material to reproduce. Makes only contribute sperm, but -50% of progency are male. Only a few males are needed, however to reproduce.

Question 13

Benefits of sexual reproduction

Answer 13

sexual reproducion creates some offspring that have fewer mutations than either parents, while asexual will carry all mutations of the parent cell

Question 14

sexual dimorphism

Answer 14

refers to differences in traits between males and females

Question 15

theory of endosymbiossis

Answer 15

explains how ancestral prokaryote led to formation of ancestral eukaryotes through uptake of aerobic bacteria and subsequently cyanobacteria

Question 16

ecological intelligence hypothesis

Answer 16

having a big brain allowed them to communicate, use tools, plan how to escape from predators and get food in order to survive

Question 17

social intelligene hyhpothesis

Answer 17

to live with other members of our species we need to be competitive and cooperative

Question 18

cultural intelligence hypothesis

Answer 18

the social learning togethr of ecological relevant skills to cooperativey hunt and build shelters

Question 19

mating mind hypothesis

Answer 19

word play, humour and art leads to mating success

Question 20

exponential growth model

Answer 20

human population currently (dramatic increaes)
r= birth rate- death rate
population growth rate = r x N (population size)

Question 21

density dependent factors

Answer 21

depends on how large/small the population is the impact

Question 22

density independent factors

Answer 22

population size doesnt matter, smae influence no matter how many organisms are present

Question 23

fecundity

Answer 23

potential reproductive output

Question 24

generation time

Answer 24

average time between two generations

Question 25

mutualism

Answer 25

both species benefit from interactions

Question 26

competitive interactions

Answer 26

both species harmed

Question 27

predation/parasitism/harbivory

Answer 27

one species harmed, one species benefits

Question 28

commensalism

Answer 28

one species benfits one unaffcted

Question 29

theory

Answer 29

assumption that is based on limited knowledge a conjecture

Question 30

biogeoraphy

Answer 30

we an find species that are similar on different continents

Question 31

comparative morphology

Answer 31

structures of living organisms share certain organization or form

Question 32

geology

Answer 32

slow and gradual changes that took billions of years

Question 33

natural selection

Answer 33

who is best suited for the current envionrment survives and reproduces more

Question 34

sexual selection

Answer 34

whichever traits are deemed important to the opposite sex are chosen so those individuals reproduce more

Question 35

artificial selection

Answer 35

not in nature but humans have domesticated crops and animals

Question 36

gradualism

Answer 36

it takes many generations for change to occur and transitional forms are the intermediate stages

Question 37

luca

Answer 37

last universal common ancestor

Question 38

can individuals evolve

Answer 38

NO!

Question 39

do favourable traits occur bcause of the environment your living

Answer 39

NO!

Question 40

bacteria

Answer 40

a large group of unicellular microorganisms lacking organelles and an organized nucleus (prokaryotic), have a cell membrane

Question 41

archae

Answer 41

single celled microorganisms, prokaryotic

Question 42

eukarya

Answer 42

a group of organisms that have cells that contain complex structures enclosed within lipid membranes, have organelles, may be single celled or multicellular

Question 43

viruses

Answer 43

not on the tree of life!
not considered alive bc they cannot replicate without a host cell

Question 44

phylogeny

Answer 44

a representation of the evolutionary relationship between different taxonomic

Question 45

do viruses respond to antibiotics

Answer 45

NO!

Question 46

cell theory

Answer 46

all cells come from pre-exisitn cells

Question 47

unicellular division

Answer 47

asexual reproduction of the organism

Question 48

multicellular division

Answer 48

creation fo the body/regeneration of tissues

Question 49

stages of mitosis

Answer 49

interphase prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesesis