bio Flashcards

1
Q

facultatively sexual

A

can reproduce sexually (through pollination) or asexually (through vegetative propagation)

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2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

bacteria and archaea
produce exact copy of self, no genetic exchange of information
evolve through mutation and horizontal genetic exchange from other organisms

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3
Q

parthenogenesis

A

type of aasexual reproduction reproduction where females produce offspring
unfertilized diploid egg (clones, no meiosis)
dna in haploid eggs replicates (haploid to diploid, not clone)

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4
Q

dioecious

A

every organism is either a male or a female with spearate reproductive parts, but cannot be both (such as Ginkgo trees, humans)

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5
Q

monoecious

A

separate male and female sex organs in the same individual but in different structures such as plants with different flowers for male or female parts

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6
Q

hermaphrodite

A

sex organs occur together, simultaneously acting as amale and female, such as snails and slugs

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7
Q

sequential monoecy

A

sex change occurs at some point in development
ex. all born female, but largest member in group changes to male. when that male dies, the next largest female changes to male

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8
Q

Protandry

A

male turned female

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9
Q

Protogyny

A

female turned male

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10
Q

benefits of sexual reproduction

A

speeds up evolution (increases beneficial mutations in individuals, and decreases harmful mutations more quickly)
Decreases the likelihood of extinction (more variety)

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11
Q

cost of meiosis

A

only passing down 50% of genome to next generation, while asexual individuals pass 100% of genome

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12
Q

cost of making males

A

females only need genetic material to reproduce. Makes only contribute sperm, but -50% of progency are male. Only a few males are needed, however to reproduce.

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13
Q

Benefits of sexual reproduction

A

sexual reproducion creates some offspring that have fewer mutations than either parents, while asexual will carry all mutations of the parent cell

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14
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

refers to differences in traits between males and females

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15
Q

theory of endosymbiossis

A

explains how ancestral prokaryote led to formation of ancestral eukaryotes through uptake of aerobic bacteria and subsequently cyanobacteria

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16
Q

ecological intelligence hypothesis

A

having a big brain allowed them to communicate, use tools, plan how to escape from predators and get food in order to survive

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17
Q

social intelligene hyhpothesis

A

to live with other members of our species we need to be competitive and cooperative

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18
Q

cultural intelligence hypothesis

A

the social learning togethr of ecological relevant skills to cooperativey hunt and build shelters

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19
Q

mating mind hypothesis

A

word play, humour and art leads to mating success

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20
Q

exponential growth model

A

human population currently (dramatic increaes)
r= birth rate- death rate
population growth rate = r x N (population size)

21
Q

density dependent factors

A

depends on how large/small the population is the impact

22
Q

density independent factors

A

population size doesnt matter, smae influence no matter how many organisms are present

23
Q

fecundity

A

potential reproductive output

24
Q

generation time

A

average time between two generations

25
mutualism
both species benefit from interactions
26
competitive interactions
both species harmed
27
predation/parasitism/harbivory
one species harmed, one species benefits
28
commensalism
one species benfits one unaffcted
29
theory
assumption that is based on limited knowledge a conjecture
30
biogeoraphy
we an find species that are similar on different continents
31
comparative morphology
structures of living organisms share certain organization or form
32
geology
slow and gradual changes that took billions of years
33
natural selection
who is best suited for the current envionrment survives and reproduces more
34
sexual selection
whichever traits are deemed important to the opposite sex are chosen so those individuals reproduce more
35
artificial selection
not in nature but humans have domesticated crops and animals
36
gradualism
it takes many generations for change to occur and transitional forms are the intermediate stages
37
luca
last universal common ancestor
38
can individuals evolve
NO!
39
do favourable traits occur bcause of the environment your living
NO!
40
bacteria
a large group of unicellular microorganisms lacking organelles and an organized nucleus (prokaryotic), have a cell membrane
41
archae
single celled microorganisms, prokaryotic
42
eukarya
a group of organisms that have cells that contain complex structures enclosed within lipid membranes, have organelles, may be single celled or multicellular
43
viruses
not on the tree of life! not considered alive bc they cannot replicate without a host cell
44
phylogeny
a representation of the evolutionary relationship between different taxonomic
45
do viruses respond to antibiotics
NO!
46
cell theory
all cells come from pre-exisitn cells
47
unicellular division
asexual reproduction of the organism
48
multicellular division
creation fo the body/regeneration of tissues
49
stages of mitosis
interphase prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesesis