bio Flashcards
The most important greenhouse gases are:
CO2, methane, water vapor
Abiotic components of an ecosystem include
Never living things (rocks,air)
Which trophic level could humans exist at?
Primary Consumer, Tertiary consumer
Which of the following needs phosphorous in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?
Nucleic acids
Publication is necessary in science to:
help spread knowledge and enable others to test your results
Carbon has ___ valence electrons which means it can make ___ bonds (usually covalent):
4, 4
Which of the following is an error in the following food web ecosystem?
All tropic levels aren’t represented
Carbon dioxide levels are probably climbing worldwide because:
Burning fossil fuels
Two species (like a native and an invasive one) occupying the same niche will interact through
Competition
A theory is
supported by repeated tests
Water
Has 2 poles one positive and one negative
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions, especially those that use energy, in an organism
Ecology
Studies interactions between community members and the environement
Niche
The specific ‘job’ a species fills in its habitat
Producer
The largest trophic level in an ecosystem
Symbiosis
A close association between two different species- one is always helped, the other might be harmed
Population
Individuals in the same area and members of the same species
Comensalism
Relationship where one partner isn’t affected, some biologists say it cant exist
Cohesion
When combined with adhesion this allows water to climb against gravity (capillary action)
Hormones
These released into the environment are leading to fish developing incorrectly and sterile
Most organisms get their energy directly or indirectly from the sun
True
60% of energy is available to organisms at the next trophic level (40% is lost as heat)
False
Pasteur showed spontaneous generation isn’t real by proving broth didn’t spoil in a flask with a bent mouth
True
Continents can affect climate by redirecting wind and ocean currents
True
Experiment might have many independent variables, but only one should be manipulated
True
The arctic is cooler than the tropics because of the angle the sunlight strikes on earth
True
We get the nitrogen we need to build proteins and amino acids by breathing in air (78% nitrogen)
false
Greenhouse gasses block light energy, but allow heat energy through
False
Mobile living things can respond to their environment, but immobile plants and fungi cannot
False
An invasive species is usually a native plant or animal that out competes or otherwise harms other species
False
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
Conifer forest with long winters covering much of Canada, Europe, and Asia
Frost wedging
Helps primary succession as freezing water splits rock
Amino acid
Smaller molecules (monomer) proteins are made of
Tundra
Low rainfall, short plants, cold year round with permafrost layer
Inference
Making broad interpretations based on specific experiences
Overharvesting
removing species faster than they are replaced through reproduction - unsustainable
secondary succession
In Ohio this occurred mainly after fields were abandoned
temperate deciduous forest
4 seasons with moderate rainfall, and trees that lose their leaves.
Lipid
Fats, oils, and waxes- used to store energy and makes up most of cell membranes
Desert
May be hot or cold, but always dry
You discover something that uses energy, reproduces, develops, has DNA, evolves, responds to its environment but doesn’t have cells or maintain homeostasis. Is it biologically alive?
No it needs to fit all eight things
EXPERIMENT WITH FLUMPH PLANTS
Which of the above would be the control group?
Group 3
Which would be an independent variable?
Amount of light plants were exposed to
Which would be manipulated variable in the above experiment?
Temperature
Which is the way humans have caused/are causing most extinctions?
Habitat destruction/change
Includes all the biotic and abiotic components of a habitat
Ecosystem
In which situations would you likely have to only observe rather than experiment to test
How a blue whale migrates
Which biome would the following chart best represent?
Tropical Savanah
Around here woody stems in _____ tend to grow a wife, light colored ring of xylem.
Late spring/early summer
Bryophytes and ferns need water to
Reproduce sexually
The plant in the following image:
Makes sperm/eggs
Which of the following is never a function of stems?
All may be functions
The phylum anthophyta (angiosperms) first appeared in the:
Cretaceous
Which of the following are the guard cells?
e
When the climate dried out (after the Carboniferous)
Seed plants (gymnosperms) became the dominant plant type
Includes those plants with a seed not covered by a fruit
Gymnosperm
Having one set of chromosomes (like spores)
Haploid
Wax layer made by the epidermis it holds water in the plant
Cuticle
Latin ending meaning plant
Phyta
Increase surface area for water, though easily lost during transplantation
Root hairs
Inside a seed along with a food supply and tough seed coat
Embryo
Where a plant grows longer from (primary growth)
apical meristem
Plants like bryophytes and liverworts that are stuck beings small
Non vascular
Forms the base of the most productive cold water marine habitat
Kelp
Dead cells that carry water
Xylem
An ancient green algae is currently considered the most likely ancestors of plants
true
The sporophyte plant generation produces sperm and egg
False
Plants can only grow from meristematic tissue
True
Peeling the soft layer under the bark around a tree might be fatal to it
True
Albino plants or algae are rare because herbivores could easily see them
False
In a drouth trees can “drink” so hard that they collapse their xylem
true
When a plan wilts the guard cell open wide to get as much carbon dioxide as possible
False
Mosses, even though small and non-vascular, show a wide variety of structural forms when viewed closely
True
Humans use algae for food, medicines, and even to make petroleum alternatives like plastic.
True
Transpiration
Creates a lot of the precipitation that falls on rain forests
Cellulose
Material found in plant and green algae cell walls
Vascular
Tissue that makes a system of tubes (missing in bryophytes)
Rhodophyta
Group that can live deep in the ocean (where mostly blue and green light gets)
Ginkogophyta
Only one living species in the entire phylum- often has 2 lobes on its leaves
Magnesium
Trace element needed for plants to produce chlorophyll
Spore
Tough haploid structure, helped early plants to disperse on land
Pollen
Male gametophyte of seed plants, has sperm inside
Translocation
Companion cells moving sugars through a plant from source to sink
Organ
Like leaves, where 2 or more tissues work together on a specific job
This organizational pattern is known as:
Colonial
Which stage is dispersed in gymnosperms (and angiosperms)?:
They sporophyte in the seed
What phylum is this plant in?:
Arthrophyta
What is notable about this phylum?:
They are scouring rushes with silica
What phylum is this plant in?:
Pterophyta
What environment/biome are the above dominant trees?
None of the above
Why do trees change color?
Chlorophyll degrades before other pigments
Which agricultural advance enabled fewer farmers to plant more land in the 1800´s:
Mechanization
Nicotine is produced by tobacco plants as a:
Neurotoxin
Venus flytraps close quickly by:
(pumping water and having a bi-stable configuration)
Which of the following is not an advantage of low till/no till farming:
Reduced weed growth
Which agricultural advance enabled much of the world population growth of the mid 20th century?:
Green revolution
Which feature is found in aquatic plants?
Large air spaces in tissues
Which of the following would be the most effective way for a plant to discourage insects?:
Small hairs
As a plant like the monkey ladder shifts from a shrub to a vining plant the woof it produces:
Is looser and more watery
The following cross section of a stem is a:
Monocot
Rapid response
enables a plant to ‘move’ without growing - just changes water pressure in cells
Auxin
When produced by the apical meristem it can stop the growth of side
Nitrogen
What carnivorous plants eat insects to get
Thigmotropism
Positive tropism of stems, mainly seen in vines
Allelopathy
Chemical warfare through the roots, notable in black walnut trees to kill competing trees
Photoperiodism
Day length changes that impact the timing of plant activities like flowering
Asexual
Reproduction that produces a clone of the parent plant, unless there are mutations
BT Corn
Has a gene inserted in that makes it produce a toxin
Fertilizer
Modern varieties enable you to select exactly the nutrients your crops need
If you wanted a dark, rich, color tone in your new den you would probably pick hardwood paneling
True
In phototropism the side of the plant struck by sunlight absorbs cytokinis causing the plant to bend
False
B/T and round-up ready crops were made in the 1800´s by breeding different types of plants together
False
The agricultural revolution we are currently in is global, and improving crop production with many new techniques
Pheromones are used by plants to warn each other of danger or attract predators of an insect hurting them
True
A seed has to land right side up to successfully sprout
False
Flytraps only close when something brushes ‘trigger hairs’
True
Leaves are triggered to change color exclusively by temperature changes
False
You can graft together related woody plants to get, like, a tree that produces lemons AND limes
True
Every plant gets its energy exclusively through photosynthesis
False
Genetic Engineering
Enables us to get new plants quickly, often by inserting a gene from a bacterium
Gibberellin
Can cause extreme (even idiotic) growth in plants)
Lignin
Material that binds cellulose walls together in wood, making it tough
Hormone
Chemical made in one part of an organism to affect another part of same organism
Malthus
Recognized that the human population was increasing faster than the food supply
Phytochrome
Pigment that lets plants determine how long days are
Seedless
Developed by taking cuttings from a plant part that has mutated, like in grapes
Ethelene
Gaseous hormone produced by ripe fruit that triggers other fruits to ripen
Latex
Plant material that solidifies to rubber when it hits the air
Which of the following practices is most likely unsustainable?:
Irrigation in the western U.S. and Slash and burning rain forest
Shedding bark can benefit some trees because:
Parasites are shed with the bark
Visible features tell you that this plant is a:
Dicot because it has branching veins and multiple flower parts
This seed (the fruit is red) would be dispersed by:
Eaten and pooped
Visible features tell you that this plant is a:
Monocot because it has 3x flower parts and parallel veins
These thorns were probably evolved to defend against:
Mastodons
Malaria causes all of the following except:
Sinus headaches
Recognition proteins are important for us because they help our cells:
Tell what cells belong in our body
The organelle that is used as a container, and may be filled with, food, water, waste, etc
Vacuole
These are hair-like and always found in hundreds or thousands:
Cilia
The cytoskeleton does everything but:
Changes from sol to gel
A fresh water protist needs a contractile vacuole because they are in a ____ solution:
Hypotonic
Ciliates micronucleus goes through meiosis and a couple other steps to end up with ___ haploid micronuclei, they trade ___ of them with their partner:
2, 1
Malaria and typanosome are only in tropical area because:
The insect vectors that carry them live there
Osmosis
Refers to diffusion of water across a cell membrane
Active transport
Pumps molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Dysentery
Disease that can be gotten from drinking water with protists like Giardia or ameoba
Facilitated Diffusion
Enables molecules to move across the cell membrane faster, but without energy
Lysosome
Full of enzymes for digestion: of food- or in extreme cases the cell itself
Nucleus
Controls the cell through DNA (in a line or ‘X’ shape)
Mitochondria
Endosymbiosis says that these (and chloroplasts) are descended from prokaryotes
Red Tide
Usually occur in the summer, and can lead to shellfish being toxic
Golgi (thingy)
Packages proteins into the 3-d shape they need to do a specific job
Long whip-like structures on cells are known as flagella
True
The organisms in the kingdom Protista are grouped together because they share many features
False
Eyespots are used in euglena to focus on food when they act as heterotrophs
False
Any cell with a neclues and specialized organelles is called a Eukaryote
True
As plants make their own food using chloroplasts they have no use for mitochondria
False
Cells can produce a stable lipid bilayer because there is water both outside and inside the cell
True
Proteins in the membrane can be used to ‘smell’, recognize other cells, and move things into or out of the cell
True
Cells in an isotonic solition shrivel as water leaves
False
Sol
The liquid form of cytoplasm that can let a cell ‘flow
Zoomastigina
Can be parasites (sleeping sickness), but one type helps termites digest cellulose
Pyrophyta
Single celled algae that are often bioluminescent, and can cause red tides
Protozoa
A term commonly used for heterotrophic protists
Sporozoa
Immobile parasites, can have complex life cycles with many hosts
E. Reticulum
Transports things in the cell and assembles lipids for cell membranes
Mitochondria
‘Powerhouse’ of the cell, where ATP energy molecules are made
Nucleoulus
Assembles ribosome protein factories
Euglenophyta
Can by autotrophs and heterotrophs, confusing to classify
Not a cell wall, but a semi-flexible coat that provides protection in many single celled protists:
Pellicle
This protist is going through which process:
Fission (divison)
It is important for ciliates to go through conjugation for:
Increasing genetic diversity
The shells of these organisms are made of:
Silica
To find the power of a microscope you would:
Multiply the #’s on the top and bottom lens
The following protist is carried by:
The following protist is carried by:
Which ensures the sperm and egg are a ‘match’, belonging to the same species?
Recognition protein
In humans meiosis is used to:
to heal
Everything occurs in both Meiosis I and Mitosis except for:
Homologous chromosomes form pairs
If a human cell goes through mitosis the resulting cells will have ___ chromosomes:
46
Which cell type would usually divide slowest (in an adult):
Bone cell
The cell physically divides itself in the process of:
Cytokinesis
Non-disjunction in humans might result in:
Downs syndrome and death of the embryo
The nuclear membrane dissolves and the chromosome form in prophase for every reason except:
The DNA needs to be read
Which of the following is not a reason cells divide?:
Too much DNA inside
Mitosis results in:
2 diploid cells
A cell makes a second copy of its DNA in:
Synthesis (S phase)
Which of the following is most likely to trigger a cell to become cancerous:
Ignoring signals that is surrounded by cells
Internal regulators, like cell size and chromatid number, have little to do with when a cell divides
False
The sperm (or egg and polar podies) formed through meiosis are genetically different from eachother
True
Sperm are much larger than eggs and provide most of the cytoplasm in the zygote
False
A large surface area to volume ration helps cells get food and oxygen (or other gasses) easier
True
As a cell doubles in length the surface area increases by 4 times, but the volume increases by 8 times
True
Cells that go through mitosis are always going through cell division as well
False
In humans mitosis is used mainly for growth and repair
True
One of two identical parts of a chromosome
Cromatid
Prophase
The longest stage of mitosis as there is a lot to be accomplished during it
Homologous chromosomes
Get one from your mom, and one from your dad
Duplication
Over time this mutation can be beneficial as there is a gene to ‘play with’
Anaphase
Chromatids are ripped apart and pulled to opposite sides
G1
Time when a cell does most of its growing larger
Chromatin
Strand of umraveled DNA, easy to ‘read’ in the cell
Translocation
A piece of an chromosome is transferred to a different kind of chromosome
Acrosome
Has enzymes to digest into the egg for fertilization to occur
Cancer
Can occur when cells ignore their external and internal regulators
Receptor proteins
These let sperm ‘smell’ their way to the right egg
Spindle fibers
Formed in prophase by separating centrioles
Sex cells need to be _____ so that fertilization makes a normal _____ body cell (zygote):
Haploid, Diploid
Which of these is used to kill pretty much anything alive on objects, but especially disease causing bacteria?
Disinfectant
Bacteria are important but they aren’t/dont
Do all of the above
In the deep ocean by underwater volcanoes there are communities of life that get most energy from:
Chemoautotrophs
In our gut we have many bacteria, such as ____ which help us digest food and make vitamin ‘K’
E. coli
We use bacteria to:
Digest oil spills and waste
Which contribute to bacteria’s ability to evolve quickly? (and become resistant to antibiotics):
Rapid reproduction and conjugation
Which of the following wouldn’t change the bacteria that live in our gut?:
All might change gut bacteria
Bacteria with the following shape are called:
Cocci
