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bio Flashcards

1
Q

The most important greenhouse gases are:

A

CO2, methane, water vapor

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2
Q

Abiotic components of an ecosystem include

A

Never living things (rocks,air)

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3
Q

Which trophic level could humans exist at?

A

Primary Consumer, Tertiary consumer

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4
Q

Which of the following needs phosphorous in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?

A

Nucleic acids

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5
Q

Publication is necessary in science to:

A

help spread knowledge and enable others to test your results

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6
Q

Carbon has ___ valence electrons which means it can make ___ bonds (usually covalent):

A

4, 4

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7
Q

Which of the following is an error in the following food web ecosystem?

A

All tropic levels aren’t represented

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8
Q

Carbon dioxide levels are probably climbing worldwide because:

A

Burning fossil fuels

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9
Q

Two species (like a native and an invasive one) occupying the same niche will interact through

A

Competition

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10
Q

A theory is

A

supported by repeated tests

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11
Q

Water

A

Has 2 poles one positive and one negative

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions, especially those that use energy, in an organism

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13
Q

Ecology

A

Studies interactions between community members and the environement

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14
Q

Niche

A

The specific ‘job’ a species fills in its habitat

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15
Q

Producer

A

The largest trophic level in an ecosystem

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16
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close association between two different species- one is always helped, the other might be harmed

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17
Q

Population

A

Individuals in the same area and members of the same species

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18
Q

Comensalism

A

Relationship where one partner isn’t affected, some biologists say it cant exist

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19
Q

Cohesion

A

When combined with adhesion this allows water to climb against gravity (capillary action)

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20
Q

Hormones

A

These released into the environment are leading to fish developing incorrectly and sterile

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21
Q

Most organisms get their energy directly or indirectly from the sun

A

True

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22
Q

60% of energy is available to organisms at the next trophic level (40% is lost as heat)

A

False

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23
Q

Pasteur showed spontaneous generation isn’t real by proving broth didn’t spoil in a flask with a bent mouth

A

True

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24
Q

Continents can affect climate by redirecting wind and ocean currents

A

True

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25
Q

Experiment might have many independent variables, but only one should be manipulated

A

True

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26
Q

The arctic is cooler than the tropics because of the angle the sunlight strikes on earth

A

True

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27
Q

We get the nitrogen we need to build proteins and amino acids by breathing in air (78% nitrogen)

A

false

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28
Q

Greenhouse gasses block light energy, but allow heat energy through

A

False

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29
Q

Mobile living things can respond to their environment, but immobile plants and fungi cannot

A

False

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30
Q

An invasive species is usually a native plant or animal that out competes or otherwise harms other species

A

False

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31
Q

Boreal Forest (Taiga)

A

Conifer forest with long winters covering much of Canada, Europe, and Asia

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32
Q

Frost wedging

A

Helps primary succession as freezing water splits rock

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33
Q

Amino acid

A

Smaller molecules (monomer) proteins are made of

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34
Q

Tundra

A

Low rainfall, short plants, cold year round with permafrost layer

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35
Q

Inference

A

Making broad interpretations based on specific experiences

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36
Q

Overharvesting

A

removing species faster than they are replaced through reproduction - unsustainable

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37
Q

secondary succession

A

In Ohio this occurred mainly after fields were abandoned

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38
Q

temperate deciduous forest

A

4 seasons with moderate rainfall, and trees that lose their leaves.

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39
Q

Lipid

A

Fats, oils, and waxes- used to store energy and makes up most of cell membranes

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40
Q

Desert

A

May be hot or cold, but always dry

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41
Q

You discover something that uses energy, reproduces, develops, has DNA, evolves, responds to its environment but doesn’t have cells or maintain homeostasis. Is it biologically alive?

A

No it needs to fit all eight things

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42
Q

EXPERIMENT WITH FLUMPH PLANTS

Which of the above would be the control group?

A

Group 3

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43
Q

Which would be an independent variable?

A

Amount of light plants were exposed to

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44
Q

Which would be manipulated variable in the above experiment?

A

Temperature

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45
Q

Which is the way humans have caused/are causing most extinctions?

A

Habitat destruction/change

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46
Q

Includes all the biotic and abiotic components of a habitat

A

Ecosystem

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47
Q

In which situations would you likely have to only observe rather than experiment to test

A

How a blue whale migrates

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48
Q

Which biome would the following chart best represent?

A

Tropical Savanah

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49
Q

Around here woody stems in _____ tend to grow a wife, light colored ring of xylem.

A

Late spring/early summer

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50
Q

Bryophytes and ferns need water to

A

Reproduce sexually

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51
Q

The plant in the following image:

A

Makes sperm/eggs

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52
Q

Which of the following is never a function of stems?

A

All may be functions

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53
Q

The phylum anthophyta (angiosperms) first appeared in the:

A

Cretaceous

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54
Q

Which of the following are the guard cells?

A

e

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55
Q

When the climate dried out (after the Carboniferous)

A

Seed plants (gymnosperms) became the dominant plant type

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56
Q

Includes those plants with a seed not covered by a fruit

A

Gymnosperm

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57
Q

Having one set of chromosomes (like spores)

A

Haploid

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58
Q

Wax layer made by the epidermis it holds water in the plant

A

Cuticle

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59
Q

Latin ending meaning plant

A

Phyta

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60
Q

Increase surface area for water, though easily lost during transplantation

A

Root hairs

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61
Q

Inside a seed along with a food supply and tough seed coat

A

Embryo

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62
Q

Where a plant grows longer from (primary growth)

A

apical meristem

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63
Q

Plants like bryophytes and liverworts that are stuck beings small

A

Non vascular

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64
Q

Forms the base of the most productive cold water marine habitat

A

Kelp

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65
Q

Dead cells that carry water

A

Xylem

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66
Q

An ancient green algae is currently considered the most likely ancestors of plants

A

true

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67
Q

The sporophyte plant generation produces sperm and egg

A

False

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68
Q

Plants can only grow from meristematic tissue

A

True

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69
Q

Peeling the soft layer under the bark around a tree might be fatal to it

A

True

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70
Q

Albino plants or algae are rare because herbivores could easily see them

A

False

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71
Q

In a drouth trees can “drink” so hard that they collapse their xylem

A

true

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72
Q

When a plan wilts the guard cell open wide to get as much carbon dioxide as possible

A

False

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73
Q

Mosses, even though small and non-vascular, show a wide variety of structural forms when viewed closely

A

True

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74
Q

Humans use algae for food, medicines, and even to make petroleum alternatives like plastic.

A

True

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75
Q

Transpiration

A

Creates a lot of the precipitation that falls on rain forests

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76
Q

Cellulose

A

Material found in plant and green algae cell walls

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77
Q

Vascular

A

Tissue that makes a system of tubes (missing in bryophytes)

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78
Q

Rhodophyta

A

Group that can live deep in the ocean (where mostly blue and green light gets)

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79
Q

Ginkogophyta

A

Only one living species in the entire phylum- often has 2 lobes on its leaves

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80
Q

Magnesium

A

Trace element needed for plants to produce chlorophyll

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81
Q

Spore

A

Tough haploid structure, helped early plants to disperse on land

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82
Q

Pollen

A

Male gametophyte of seed plants, has sperm inside

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83
Q

Translocation

A

Companion cells moving sugars through a plant from source to sink

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84
Q

Organ

A

Like leaves, where 2 or more tissues work together on a specific job

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85
Q

This organizational pattern is known as:

A

Colonial

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86
Q

Which stage is dispersed in gymnosperms (and angiosperms)?:

A

They sporophyte in the seed

87
Q

What phylum is this plant in?:

A

Arthrophyta

88
Q

What is notable about this phylum?:

A

They are scouring rushes with silica

89
Q

What phylum is this plant in?:

A

Pterophyta

90
Q

What environment/biome are the above dominant trees?

A

None of the above

91
Q

Why do trees change color?

A

Chlorophyll degrades before other pigments

92
Q

Which agricultural advance enabled fewer farmers to plant more land in the 1800´s:

A

Mechanization

93
Q

Nicotine is produced by tobacco plants as a:

A

Neurotoxin

94
Q

Venus flytraps close quickly by:

A

(pumping water and having a bi-stable configuration)

95
Q

Which of the following is not an advantage of low till/no till farming:

A

Reduced weed growth

96
Q

Which agricultural advance enabled much of the world population growth of the mid 20th century?:

A

Green revolution

97
Q

Which feature is found in aquatic plants?

A

Large air spaces in tissues

98
Q

Which of the following would be the most effective way for a plant to discourage insects?:

A

Small hairs

99
Q

As a plant like the monkey ladder shifts from a shrub to a vining plant the woof it produces:

A

Is looser and more watery

100
Q

The following cross section of a stem is a:

A

Monocot

101
Q

Rapid response

A

enables a plant to ‘move’ without growing - just changes water pressure in cells

102
Q

Auxin

A

When produced by the apical meristem it can stop the growth of side

103
Q

Nitrogen

A

What carnivorous plants eat insects to get

104
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Positive tropism of stems, mainly seen in vines

105
Q

Allelopathy

A

Chemical warfare through the roots, notable in black walnut trees to kill competing trees

106
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Day length changes that impact the timing of plant activities like flowering

107
Q

Asexual

A

Reproduction that produces a clone of the parent plant, unless there are mutations

108
Q

BT Corn

A

Has a gene inserted in that makes it produce a toxin

109
Q

Fertilizer

A

Modern varieties enable you to select exactly the nutrients your crops need

110
Q

If you wanted a dark, rich, color tone in your new den you would probably pick hardwood paneling

A

True

111
Q

In phototropism the side of the plant struck by sunlight absorbs cytokinis causing the plant to bend

A

False

112
Q

B/T and round-up ready crops were made in the 1800´s by breeding different types of plants together

A

False

113
Q

The agricultural revolution we are currently in is global, and improving crop production with many new techniques

A
114
Q

Pheromones are used by plants to warn each other of danger or attract predators of an insect hurting them

A

True

115
Q

A seed has to land right side up to successfully sprout

A

False

116
Q

Flytraps only close when something brushes ‘trigger hairs’

A

True

117
Q

Leaves are triggered to change color exclusively by temperature changes

A

False

118
Q

You can graft together related woody plants to get, like, a tree that produces lemons AND limes

A

True

119
Q

Every plant gets its energy exclusively through photosynthesis

A

False

120
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Enables us to get new plants quickly, often by inserting a gene from a bacterium

121
Q

Gibberellin

A

Can cause extreme (even idiotic) growth in plants)

122
Q

Lignin

A

Material that binds cellulose walls together in wood, making it tough

123
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical made in one part of an organism to affect another part of same organism

124
Q

Malthus

A

Recognized that the human population was increasing faster than the food supply

125
Q

Phytochrome

A

Pigment that lets plants determine how long days are

126
Q

Seedless

A

Developed by taking cuttings from a plant part that has mutated, like in grapes

127
Q

Ethelene

A

Gaseous hormone produced by ripe fruit that triggers other fruits to ripen

128
Q

Latex

A

Plant material that solidifies to rubber when it hits the air

129
Q

Which of the following practices is most likely unsustainable?:

A

Irrigation in the western U.S. and Slash and burning rain forest

130
Q

Shedding bark can benefit some trees because:

A

Parasites are shed with the bark

131
Q

Visible features tell you that this plant is a:

A

Dicot because it has branching veins and multiple flower parts

132
Q

This seed (the fruit is red) would be dispersed by:

A

Eaten and pooped

133
Q

Visible features tell you that this plant is a:

A

Monocot because it has 3x flower parts and parallel veins

134
Q

These thorns were probably evolved to defend against:

A

Mastodons

135
Q

Malaria causes all of the following except:

A

Sinus headaches

136
Q

Recognition proteins are important for us because they help our cells:

A

Tell what cells belong in our body

137
Q

The organelle that is used as a container, and may be filled with, food, water, waste, etc

A

Vacuole

138
Q

These are hair-like and always found in hundreds or thousands:

A

Cilia

139
Q

The cytoskeleton does everything but:

A

Changes from sol to gel

140
Q

A fresh water protist needs a contractile vacuole because they are in a ____ solution:

A

Hypotonic

141
Q

Ciliates micronucleus goes through meiosis and a couple other steps to end up with ___ haploid micronuclei, they trade ___ of them with their partner:

A

2, 1

142
Q

Malaria and typanosome are only in tropical area because:

A

The insect vectors that carry them live there

143
Q

Osmosis

A

Refers to diffusion of water across a cell membrane

144
Q

Active transport

A

Pumps molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

145
Q

Dysentery

A

Disease that can be gotten from drinking water with protists like Giardia or ameoba

146
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Enables molecules to move across the cell membrane faster, but without energy

147
Q

Lysosome

A

Full of enzymes for digestion: of food- or in extreme cases the cell itself

148
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the cell through DNA (in a line or ‘X’ shape)

149
Q

Mitochondria

A

Endosymbiosis says that these (and chloroplasts) are descended from prokaryotes

150
Q

Red Tide

A

Usually occur in the summer, and can lead to shellfish being toxic

151
Q

Golgi (thingy)

A

Packages proteins into the 3-d shape they need to do a specific job

152
Q

Long whip-like structures on cells are known as flagella

A

True

153
Q

The organisms in the kingdom Protista are grouped together because they share many features

A

False

154
Q

Eyespots are used in euglena to focus on food when they act as heterotrophs

A

False

155
Q

Any cell with a neclues and specialized organelles is called a Eukaryote

A

True

156
Q

As plants make their own food using chloroplasts they have no use for mitochondria

A

False

157
Q

Cells can produce a stable lipid bilayer because there is water both outside and inside the cell

A

True

158
Q

Proteins in the membrane can be used to ‘smell’, recognize other cells, and move things into or out of the cell

A

True

159
Q

Cells in an isotonic solition shrivel as water leaves

A

False

160
Q

Sol

A

The liquid form of cytoplasm that can let a cell ‘flow

161
Q

Zoomastigina

A

Can be parasites (sleeping sickness), but one type helps termites digest cellulose

162
Q

Pyrophyta

A

Single celled algae that are often bioluminescent, and can cause red tides

163
Q

Protozoa

A

A term commonly used for heterotrophic protists

164
Q

Sporozoa

A

Immobile parasites, can have complex life cycles with many hosts

165
Q

E. Reticulum

A

Transports things in the cell and assembles lipids for cell membranes

166
Q

Mitochondria

A

‘Powerhouse’ of the cell, where ATP energy molecules are made

167
Q

Nucleoulus

A

Assembles ribosome protein factories

168
Q

Euglenophyta

A

Can by autotrophs and heterotrophs, confusing to classify

169
Q

Not a cell wall, but a semi-flexible coat that provides protection in many single celled protists:

A

Pellicle

170
Q

This protist is going through which process:

A

Fission (divison)

171
Q

It is important for ciliates to go through conjugation for:

A

Increasing genetic diversity

172
Q

The shells of these organisms are made of:

A

Silica

173
Q

To find the power of a microscope you would:

A

Multiply the #’s on the top and bottom lens

174
Q

The following protist is carried by:

A

The following protist is carried by:

175
Q

Which ensures the sperm and egg are a ‘match’, belonging to the same species?

A

Recognition protein

176
Q

In humans meiosis is used to:

A

to heal

177
Q

Everything occurs in both Meiosis I and Mitosis except for:

A

Homologous chromosomes form pairs

178
Q

If a human cell goes through mitosis the resulting cells will have ___ chromosomes:

A

46

179
Q

Which cell type would usually divide slowest (in an adult):

A

Bone cell

180
Q

The cell physically divides itself in the process of:

A

Cytokinesis

181
Q

Non-disjunction in humans might result in:

A

Downs syndrome and death of the embryo

182
Q

The nuclear membrane dissolves and the chromosome form in prophase for every reason except:

A

The DNA needs to be read

183
Q

Which of the following is not a reason cells divide?:

A

Too much DNA inside

184
Q

Mitosis results in:

A

2 diploid cells

185
Q

A cell makes a second copy of its DNA in:

A

Synthesis (S phase)

186
Q

Which of the following is most likely to trigger a cell to become cancerous:

A

Ignoring signals that is surrounded by cells

187
Q

Internal regulators, like cell size and chromatid number, have little to do with when a cell divides

A

False

188
Q

The sperm (or egg and polar podies) formed through meiosis are genetically different from eachother

A

True

189
Q

Sperm are much larger than eggs and provide most of the cytoplasm in the zygote

A

False

190
Q

A large surface area to volume ration helps cells get food and oxygen (or other gasses) easier

A

True

191
Q

As a cell doubles in length the surface area increases by 4 times, but the volume increases by 8 times

A

True

192
Q

Cells that go through mitosis are always going through cell division as well

A

False

193
Q

In humans mitosis is used mainly for growth and repair

A

True

194
Q

One of two identical parts of a chromosome

A

Cromatid

195
Q

Prophase

A

The longest stage of mitosis as there is a lot to be accomplished during it

196
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Get one from your mom, and one from your dad

197
Q

Duplication

A

Over time this mutation can be beneficial as there is a gene to ‘play with’

198
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids are ripped apart and pulled to opposite sides

199
Q

G1

A

Time when a cell does most of its growing larger

200
Q

Chromatin

A

Strand of umraveled DNA, easy to ‘read’ in the cell

201
Q

Translocation

A

A piece of an chromosome is transferred to a different kind of chromosome

202
Q

Acrosome

A

Has enzymes to digest into the egg for fertilization to occur

203
Q

Cancer

A

Can occur when cells ignore their external and internal regulators

204
Q

Receptor proteins

A

These let sperm ‘smell’ their way to the right egg

205
Q

Spindle fibers

A

Formed in prophase by separating centrioles

206
Q

Sex cells need to be _____ so that fertilization makes a normal _____ body cell (zygote):

A

Haploid, Diploid

207
Q

Which of these is used to kill pretty much anything alive on objects, but especially disease causing bacteria?

A

Disinfectant

208
Q

Bacteria are important but they aren’t/dont

A

Do all of the above

209
Q

In the deep ocean by underwater volcanoes there are communities of life that get most energy from:

A

Chemoautotrophs

210
Q

In our gut we have many bacteria, such as ____ which help us digest food and make vitamin ‘K’

A

E. coli

211
Q

We use bacteria to:

A

Digest oil spills and waste

212
Q

Which contribute to bacteria’s ability to evolve quickly? (and become resistant to antibiotics):

A

Rapid reproduction and conjugation

213
Q

Which of the following wouldn’t change the bacteria that live in our gut?:

A

All might change gut bacteria

214
Q

Bacteria with the following shape are called:

A

Cocci

MID-TERMS (4 decks)

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