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chem exam 2 > BIO 111 EXAM 2 > Flashcards

BIO 111 EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the breakdown of glucose to ethanol in yeast cells is referred to as:

A

fermentation

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2
Q

during winemaking, why does the ethanol content only reach 12-14% even when glucose abundant

A

excess ethanol becomes toxic to the yeast

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3
Q

animals can only use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain..T/F

A

true- cant be anaerobic

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4
Q

a photoautotroph is an organism that

A

uses light energy to make organic molecules “from scratch” (that is, from inorganic molecules)

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5
Q

the carbon that is found in a plant is added to the plant from

A

the carbon dioxide it “breathes”

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6
Q

carbon dioxide is reduced to form glucose in photosynthetic organism….T/F

A

true

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7
Q

where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain of plants located?

A

the thylakoid membrane

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8
Q

in the PH of the different compartments of the chloroplast were to be measured during electron transport, which compartment would be the most acid?

A

the thylakoid lumen

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9
Q

what is the source of extracellular matric (ECM) in animals?

A

it is produced by cells in the animal body

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10
Q

a glycosaminoglycan is a

A

polysaccharide

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11
Q

the major constituents of the ECM of animals are

A

polysaccarides and proteins

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12
Q

structural proteins make up

A

collagen + elastic fibers

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13
Q

all types of collagen fibers are made in all cells of the body?…T/F

A

false

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14
Q

the primary cell wall of plants is composed mainly of ____, the secondary cell wall may contain _____

A

celulose; lignon

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15
Q

cells from malignant tumors often break free from the tumor, to initiate a process called invasion. in order for a cancer cell to lose its attraction to other cells, which type of protein must lose its function

A

cadherin

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16
Q

which type of junction prevents leakage of acidic stomach contents across the epithelium in the stomach?

A

tight junctions

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17
Q

a gap function in animals has the same function as ___ in plants

A

plasmodesmata

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18
Q

which f the following structure found in plants epidermis serves as a function similar to that of the anchoring junctions in animal epithelium

A

middle lamella

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19
Q

which cell junction types are found in animals?

A

anchoring, tight and gap junctions

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20
Q

during what stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP synthesized?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

what role does O2 play in aerobic respiration

A

it is the final electron acceptor at the end of electron transport chain

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22
Q

which of the following is an example of cellular respiration?

A

all of the above: breakdown of glucose, fats, and proteins

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23
Q

place the following steps of cellular respiration in the proper order

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. breakdown of pyruvate
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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24
Q

check all of the following organisms that carry out cellular respiration

A

corn plant, human, bacterium, yeast

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25
Q

NADH is produced during:

A

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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26
Q

what drives the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

chemiosmosis, electrochemical gradient, oxidation of NADH + FADH, and ATP synthase

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27
Q

why is maximal amount of ATP that can be made by oxidative phosphorylation rarely achieved?

A

mitochondrion may use some of H+ electrochemical gradient for other purposes.

some NADH and FADH are used for anabolic pathways

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28
Q

NADH is a high energy molecule. why can too much be a bad thing?

A

excess NADH can deplete NAD+ required by glycolysis, can promote the formation of free radicals, and can damage DNA + proteins

29
Q

glycolysis produces ATP by which of the following?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

30
Q

german physiologist otto warburg discovered that cancer cells preferentially use:

A

glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production because the internal regions of a tumor can be hypoxic

31
Q

cytochromes involved in electron transport and H+ pumping in both chloroplasts and mitochondria are derived from same ancestral gene….T/F

A

true

32
Q

the enhancement effect occurs because:

A

different wavelengths of light activate different pigments in PSI and PSII

33
Q

in the Z scheme for electron activation

A

an electron absorbs light energy twice and loses energy as it flows along the electron transport chain

34
Q

which enzyme is responsible for the initial fixation of carbon in calvin cycle?

A

rubisco

35
Q

the steps in the calvin cycle were determined by

A

isotope labeling and chromatography

36
Q

how does a yeast cell adapt to the presence of glucose in its environment

A

by increasing the number of glucose transporters

37
Q

the phenomenon of plants growing towards light is the result of a signal being transmitted from cell to wall…T/F

A

true

38
Q

the three stages of cell signaling in order of occurrence are

A

receptor activation, signal transduction, cellular response

39
Q

which of the following is an anchoring junction?

A

desmosome

40
Q

the max size of substances that can pass through gap junction is

A

1000 daltons

41
Q

which of the following is not a tissue type of plants?

A

connective

3 types: vascular, dermal, group

42
Q

blood is a type of ___ tissue in animals

A

connective

43
Q

an ECM is a characteristic of ___ tissue in animals

A

connective

44
Q

a __ is a group of cells that have a similar structure + function

A

tissue

45
Q

which of the following is not a process that creates tissues + organs

A

integrin fusion

-apotosis, cell growth, cell division, migration

46
Q

____tissues serve as protective coverings for animal bodies

A

epithelial

47
Q

glycolysis occurs only in aerobic conditions

A

false

48
Q

place the following steps of glycolysis in order

A
  1. glucose 2. fructose-1,6-biphosphate 3. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 4. pyruvate
49
Q

glycolysis occurs in the ___, and the citric acid cycle occurs in the ___

A

cytosol; mitochondrial matrix

50
Q

what substance is produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and feeds into the citric acid cycle?

A

acetyl-CoA

51
Q

the citric acid cycle starts and ends with 4 carbon molecule:

A

oxaioacetate

52
Q

CoA is oxidized during the citric acid cycle…T/F

A

false

53
Q

what role does O2 play in aerobic respiration?

A

it is the final electron acceptor at end of electron transport chain

54
Q

fats are broken down into___

A

glycerol and fatty acids

55
Q

___ regulates oxygen whereas ___ can operate in an environmental lacking

A

aerobic respiration; anaerobic respiration

56
Q

under anaerobic conditions, what happens to NADH in our muscle cells?

A

it gives up electrons to pyruvate, w formation of lactic acid

57
Q

which of the following would not be an example of anaerobic respiration

A

a mouse using oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q

which of the following applies to the binding of ligands to its receptor?

A

specific

59
Q

which of following molecules is most likely to bind to an intracellular receptor?

A

estrogen( a steroid hormone)

60
Q

which of the following is not a cell surface receptor?

A

MAP kinase

  • enzyme-linned receptor
  • G-protein coupled receptor
  • ligand gated ion channel
61
Q

___ allow ions to flow through the plasma membrane

A

ligand-gated ion channels

62
Q

what to cAMP, Ca2+, DAG, IP5 have in common?

A

they are all second messengers

63
Q

which modification is involved in the EGF pathway?

A

phosphorylation of proteins in the pathway

64
Q

signaling that is involved in secondary messengers is

A

of short duration

65
Q

why can one cell in your body respond to a hormone but another cell in your body cannot?

A

because the non-responsive cell that doesn’t express the receptor

66
Q

a beib is

A

a small cell fragment that breaks away as a cell destroys itself

67
Q

in experiments investigated apoptosis in the adrenal gland; ___ led to increases in the rate of apoptosis

A

prednisolone

68
Q

apoptosis only plays an important roles in adult organisms..T/F

A

false * apoptosis is involved embroyonic development

69
Q

the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

may be stimulated by DNA damage

chem exam 2 (3 decks)

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