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Biology > Bio 111 (Basic) > Flashcards

Bio 111 (Basic) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the basic definition of biology?

A

The science that studies living things.

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2
Q

What are the three variables of any experiment?

A

Dependent
Independent
Controlled

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2
Q

What is the basic list of properties of life?

name at least 5

A

1) Reproduces
2) Has genetic material (DNA/RNA)
3) Capable of growth/developement
4) Respond to environmental stimuli
5) Homeostasis (keeps internal env steady and different from external env)
6) Evolves
7) Organized (made of cells)
8) Requires energy
9) Composed of matter

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3
Q

What is the organization of biology from smallest to largest?

A 
Protons/Neutron/Electrons
Atoms
Molecules
CELLS
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
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3
Q

What is a virus?

A

Protein that takes over your cell and uses it to produce more viruses.

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4
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

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5
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

With a closed system, over time the system will become more disorganized. (Also called the Law of Entropy)

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6
Q

What is entropy?

A

Entropy means disorder/disorganization.

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6
Q

What are the two groups of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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7
Q

What does it mean to be prokaryotic?

A

No membrane around the nucleus.

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8
Q

What does it mean to be eukaryotic?

A

Has a true membrane-bound nucleus.

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9
Q

What are the 5 Kingdoms of Living Things?

A 
Animalia (not just mammals)
Plantae (trees, moss, etc)
Protista (single cell, eukaryotic) (amoeba)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeast, etc)
Monera (bacteria)
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10
Q

What are the 3 Domains of Living Things?

A

Archaea (new organisms)
Bacteria (K Monera)
Eukarya (Protista/Animalia/Plantae/Fungi)

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11
Q

What is the basic form of a food chain? (lowest to highest)

A 
Primary Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Quaternary Consumers
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12
Q

What is the 10% rule?

A

Only 10% of energy and biomass passes on as you go up the trophic levels.

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12
Q

What is biological magnification?

A

As you go up in trophic levels, the toxins become more and more concentrated because they are passed on more efficiently than energy and biomass.

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13
Q

What defines evolution?

A

A SPECIES adapting to its environment and other stimulates over time.

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13
Q

What is the one thing electrons vary in?

A

Energy

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14
Q

What about an electron reflects their energy level?

A

Their position in the atom.

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15
Q

Which has more energy?:

1) Electron in second orbital.
2) Electron in first orbital.

A

The electron in the second orbital.

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16
Q

Electrons in the same energy level are constant in what?

A

The amount of energy they have.

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17
Q

How do electrons move between energy levels?

A

They have to change their energy.

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17
Q

What can the first, second and third electron orbitals hold?

A

First: 2 electrons
Second: 8 electrons
Third: 8 electrons

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17
Q

What tells you how reactive an element is?

A

The number and arrangement of its electrons.

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18
Q

What are bonding sites?

A

The open areas in an atoms outermost orbital.

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19
Q

Which elements always have a full outer shell?

A

The Noble Gases

also known as Inert Gases

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20
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms chemically bonded.

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21
Q

Ionic Bonds are:

A

Transfer of electrons.

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21
Q

What creates the attraction between ionically bonded atoms?

A

Opposite charges.

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22
Q

Covalent Bonds are:

A

Sharing of electrons.

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23
Q

Which is more applicable to biology:

1) Covalent Bonds
2) Ionic Bonds

A

Covalent bonds.

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23
Q

What types of covalent bonds are there?

A

Polar and Nonpolar

can also be single, double or even triple

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24
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electrons is equal.

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25
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electrons in unequal.

One atom is more electronegative.

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26
Q

What is the result of a polar covalent bond?

A

Each side of the molecule ends up obtaining either a partial negative or a partial positive charge.

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27
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

The weak bond between the partial negative side and partial positive side of H2O molecules.

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27
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

It is the “attractiveness” of the atom. In other words, how hard the atom pulls on electrons.

28
Q

Which is stronger:

1) Nonpolar covalent bonds.
2) Polar covalent bonds.

A

Nonpolar bonds are stronger and more stable.

28
Q

What is a buffered system?

A

A system resists changes to pH.

ex: circulatory system

29
Q

How do things “dissolve”?

A

The water molecules surround the polar molecules of the molecules that are dissolving.

30
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Builds larger molecules.

30
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Break molecules into smaller ones.

31
Q

What are the 4 main groups of organic molecules?

A

1) Carbs
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

32
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

An anabolic reaction where a water molecule is a biproduct.

33
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The reverse of dehydration synthesis.

34
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The building blocks of larger molecules (polymers).

35
Q

What are the monomers of Carbs?

A

Monosaccharides (very small sugars)

36
Q

What are isomers?

A

Have the same atoms and same number of them but they are arranged differently.

ex: Glucose vs Fructose

37
Q

What do polysaccharides do?

A

They store energy for organisms.

38
Q

What do Carbs do?

A

1) Theyre the main source of energy for cell respiration.
2) They form stored energy sources (glycogen)
3) Contribute to cell structure.
4) Form parts of nucleic acid.

39
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of Lipids?

A

1) Fats/Oils
2) Phospholipids
3) Steroids

39
Q

What do you need to build a fat molecule?

A

1 Glycerol

1-3 long chain fatty acids

39
Q

Are fats/oils polar or nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar

39
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated means it has all the hydrogens it can hold.

Unsaturated means it has a double bond somewhere between carbons preventing it from having as many hydrogens.

40
Q

What is the difference in shape between saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

Unsaturated fat is bent.

41
Q

What are saturated fats at room temp?

A

Solid

41
Q

What are unsaturated fats at room temp?

A

Liquid

42
Q

What is needed to make a phospholipid?

A

A phosphate group (very polar) and long fatty acids (nonpolar).

43
Q

Where are phospholipid bilayers used in organisms?

A

The cell membrane and all other membranes within cells.

44
Q

What are steroids composed of?

A

4 fused carbon rings with various attachments.

45
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers.

46
Q

What are the functions of Lipids?

A

1) Long-term energy storage.
2) Protect/insulate vital organs.
3) Components of cell membrane.
4) Some hormones (steroids).

47
Q

What are the four main elements contained in proteins?

A

C
H
N
sometimes P or S

48
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

49
Q

What process is used to put together amino acids?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

49
Q

Where do cells create proteins?

A

The Ribosome

49
Q

What decides the function of proteins?

A

Their shape.

49
Q

What is the primary shape of proteins?

A

The sequence of amino acids.

50
Q

What is the secondary shape of proteins?

A

beta pleated sheet
or
alpha helix

51
Q

What is the tertiary shape of proteins?

A

Being “folded” up to form a truly 3D shape.

52
Q

What is the quaternary shape of proteins?

A

“Clumps” of proteins with their tertiary shape being bonded together.

53
Q

What does it mean to denature a protein?

A

To break down the weak bonds within it. (Breaks down all but primary structure level)

54
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

1) Structure of cell.
2) Movement.
3) An energy source (if needed).
4) Nonsteroid hormones.
5) Membrane component.
6) Transportation/Storage
7) Immunity (antibodies).
8) ENZYMES

54
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

An organic catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.

55
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Proteins (99% of the time)

55
Q

Whats the energy of activation?

A

The energy required for a reaction to start.

56
Q

If energy of reaction is lower…

A

the reaction happens at a faster rate.

57
Q

What is the basic rule of enzyme naming?

A

Ends in:

-in or -ase

78
Q

How do enzymes react to temperature or pH differences?

A

They don’t like changes in temperature or pH as they have optimal values for each.

79
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Nonprotein enzyme helpers.

ex: saliva

80
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic cofactors.

81
Q

What processes do cells use to “turn off” enzymes?

A

Competitive, Noncompetitive, and Feedback Inhibition

82
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

The cells creates something that competes for the active sites but doesn’t cause a reaction.

83
Q

What is noncompetitive inhibition?

A

The cell changes the shape of the active site using the allosteric site so that substrates can’t fit.

84
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

The product of the reaction performs competitive or noncompetitive inhibition.

85
Q

What are the types of electron microscopy?

A

Transmission (TEM)

Scanning (SEM)

86
Q

What are the 4 basic features of all cells?

A

Plasma Membrane
Semifluid Substance (ex: cytoplasm)
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

87
Q

Why are most cells the same size?

A

This is the best ratio of plasma membrane to cytoplasm.

88
Q

What are the nuclear pores used for?

A

Transportation in and out of the nucleus.

89
Q

Does DNA leave the nucleus?

A

No

But it can be copied and the copies can leave.

90
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A bunch of membrane folded up and snuggled around the nucleus.

91
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Another clump of membrane that modifies products of the ER.

Biology (2 decks)

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