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OH MY GOD WHY DID I CHOOSE SPANISH UGH AUGH AUGH AUGH AUGH AUGH > Bio 11 Flashcards > Flashcards

Bio 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three different animal characteristics?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Heterotrophic by ingestion
  • Multicellular with a high degree of cell specialization
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2
Q

What is radial symmetry

A

You can divide it a lot of times through its centeral axis and it will be the same

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3
Q

Organisms with radial symetery have a ___ shaped body with no ___

A
  • Cylindrical
  • Head, front or back
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4
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

You can only cut it into two equal halves, through the mid dorsal line (spine)

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5
Q

What does bilateral symmetry allow for?

A

Cephalization (Organs and everything being concentrated in torso resulting in an enlarged head)

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6
Q

What are germ layers

A

Primary layers created during embryo development that from the various tissues and organs

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7
Q

What are the three germ layers

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

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8
Q

What does it mean when an animal has no germ layers

A

It means they are the most primitive with no organs or tissues

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9
Q

What does it mean when an organism is diploblastic

A

It means it has two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm

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10
Q

What does the ectoderm make?

A

(Outer layer) Skin and nervous system

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11
Q

What does the endoderm make

A

(Inner layer) The endoderm makes the lining of the digestive track

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12
Q

What does it mean when an organism is triploblastic?

A

It means that it has all three germ layers

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13
Q

What does a mesoderm create?

A

The mesoderm creates most of the remaining internal organs and muscles

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14
Q

What is a body plan

A

The type of body cavity that an organism has

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15
Q

The evolution of a body cavity that provides a place for organs and organ systems to grow is called what?

A

Coelom

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16
Q

Acoelomates

A

No coelom and poorly developed organs

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17
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm layers, however there is no muscle around the gut and no co-ordination of food through their digestive tract. Only some organs develop through this space.

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18
Q

Example of a pseudocoelomate

A

Tardigrade, roundworms

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19
Q

Coelomates

A

Coelomates have a body cavity between the mesoderm of the body wall and around the gut, they have co-ordinated digestion and development of major organs

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20
Q

Example of a coelomate

A

Earthworm

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21
Q

What does segmentaion lead to

A

Specialized body regions

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22
Q

Non segmented organisms have ___ segments

A

No specialized

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23
Q

Example of non-segmented organisms

A

Flatworm

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24
Q

Segmented organisms have what?

A

Identical repeating sections

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25
Q

Example of segmented organisms

A

Earthworms

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26
Q

Segmented organisms with specialization

A

Where an organisms body segments fuse together to become body regions which focus on one set of tasks (spiders)

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27
Q

Lower invertebrates have what?

A

Have simple biology

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28
Q

What do the lower invertebrates include?

A
  • Porifera
  • Cnidaria
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Nematodes
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29
Q

Higher invertebrates - Protostomes are

A
  • One of the two main branches of evolution
  • Named this way due to embryo development
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30
Q

What do higher invertebrate protostomes include?

A
  • Annelids
  • Mollusks
  • Arthropods
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31
Q

Higher invertebrates - deuterostomes

A

Animals on the other great branch of animal evolution

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32
Q

What do the higher invertebrate deuterostomes include

A
  • Echinoderms
  • Lower chordates
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33
Q

Vertebrates

A

Represents the most highly evolved animals (US!!)

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34
Q

What does “porifera” mean?

A

Pore bearers

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35
Q

How long have sponges been around for?

A

At least 540 million years

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36
Q

Are phylum porifera considered animals? Why or why not?

A

Yes, because they are multicellular, heterotrophic, and their cells have no cell walls

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37
Q

What do sponges represent?

A

The first experiment in multicellularity for animals

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38
Q

Sponges are

A

The most simplest and primitive animals and have changed very little since they evolved

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39
Q

What kind of symmetry do sponges have?

A

Asymmetrical

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40
Q

What are choanocytes (collar cells)

A

They are specialized cells that use flagella to move water through the sponge

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41
Q

Where does water exit a sponge?

A

It exits through the osculum, a large hole at the top

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42
Q

What does the movement of water through a sponge allow for?

A
  • Feeding
  • Respiration
  • Circulation
  • Excretion
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43
Q

What are Archeocytes? (Amoebocytes)

A

Moving cells that have different functions ranging from nutrition delivery to other cells and the production of eggs for sexual reproduction

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44
Q

What are sponges body plan

A

A simple skeleton, however harder sponges have more spiny spicules

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45
Q

What’s a spicule?

A

A spike shaped structure made up of chalklike calcium carbonate or glass-like silica

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46
Q

What is the body plan of softer sponges?

A

An internal skeleton made up of spongin

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47
Q

What are spongin?

A

Spongin are a network of felxible protein fibers

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48
Q

Sponges are filter feeders, which means what?

A

It means they filter food particles from the water using their choanocytes

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49
Q

Describe the process of sponge diffusion

A
  • Oxygen from water diffuses into cells
  • Waste products like carbon dioxide and ammonia diffuse out of cells into central cavity and out of osculum
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50
Q

Sponges don’t have a central nervous system that would allow them to respond to their environment, so how do they protect and defend themselves?

A

Sponges defend themselves by creating toxins that are harmful to potential predators

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51
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

By either asexual or sexual reproduction

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52
Q

How does sexual sponge fertilization work?

A

Sperm + egg =Zygote - Larva

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53
Q

Sponge larvae are ___and move to a different location

A
  • Motile
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54
Q

How does sponge asexual reproduction work?

A

A new sponge clone forms on the side and eventually forms a clone

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55
Q

What is a gemmule

A

gemmule is something that a sponge can grow in unfavorable conditions, which can survive said conditions and then regrow the sponge

56
Q

What are the four classes in the Cnidaria phylum

A
  • Cubozoa
  • Scyphozoa
  • Anthozoa
  • Hydrozoa
57
Q

What are Cnidarias

A

Soft-bodied carnivorous animals that are diploblastic (true tissues)

58
Q

What is the defining characteristic of Cnidarians?

A

Their defining characteristics are the fact that they have stinging tentacles around their mouths

59
Q

What a cnidarians stinging cell called?

A

A cnidarians stinging cell is called a cnidocyte

60
Q

What are inside of the cnidocytes

A

A nemacyst

61
Q

What is a nemacyst

A

A poison filled stinging structure that contains a tightly coiled dart

62
Q

What should you think of a cnidocyte

A

Think of it as a harpoon gun and the nemacyst as the harpoon

63
Q

What is the body plan of a cnidarian

A

Radial symmetry, diploblastic

64
Q

What are the two main body plans of a cnidarians

A

Medusa and polyp

65
Q

Polyps are usually ___?

A

Sessile

66
Q

What does sessile mean

A

Permanently attached or established

67
Q

Polyps have a ___?

A

Cylindrical body with arm like tentacles and a mouth that points upwards

68
Q

How do polyps usually reproduce?

A

They usually reproduce asexually

69
Q

How do cnidarians capture and eat their food?

A

They paralyze their prey into its mouth and then into its gastrovascular cavity. They then digest it outside their cells and then absorb it into their gastroderm. Any undigested materials leave through the same opening.

70
Q

What is a way that Cnidarians move

A

By using their hydrostatic skeleton

71
Q

What is a hydrostatic skeleton

A

A circular layer of longitudinal muscles that by using the water in the gastrovascular cavity, let the cnidarian move

72
Q

The movement of a cnidarian allows for what?

A

The polyps to get taller and medusas to create a jet propulsion

73
Q

How do cnidarians reproduce?

A

Sexually and asexually

74
Q

Does sexual reprodution for cndarians occur internally or externally?

A

Externally

75
Q

What happens after a cnidaria larva develops?

A

It grows into a planula larva

76
Q

What are the four groups of cnidarias

A
  • Jellyfish
  • Hydras
  • Sea anemones
  • Corals
77
Q

Where are cnidarias found?

A

Freshwater and saltwater

78
Q

What stage is dominant for the class hydrozoa?

A

The polyp stage

79
Q

What is used for species dispersal with the class hydrozoa?

A

The medusa

80
Q

What is included in the class anthozoa?

A

Anemones, corals, sea pens

81
Q

The class Anthozoa generally only has the ___?

A

Polyp stage

82
Q

Two things about class Scyphozoa

A
  • Medusa stage is dominant
  • Includes the jellies
83
Q

What is a flatworm

A

Soft, flattened worms that have tissues and internal organ systems

84
Q

How many germ layers do flatworms have

A

Three

85
Q

What kind of symmetry do flatworms have

A

Bilateral

86
Q

Are Platyhelminthes triplobloblastic?

A

Yes

87
Q

Are flatworms acoelomates or coelomates?

A

Acoelomates

88
Q

What do free-living flatworms internal organ system look like?

A
  • Organs for digestion
  • Excretion
  • Response
  • Reproduction
89
Q

What do parasitic worms internal organ system look like?

A

Similar to free-living worms systems

90
Q

Free-living worms can get food from __?

A
  • Tiny aquatic animals
  • Dead animals
91
Q

Like Cnidarians, flatworms have what?

A

A digestive cavity with a single opening which both food and waste pass through

92
Q

What is a pharynx?

A

A muscular tube that extends out of the mouth and then pumps food into the digestive cavity

93
Q

What do parasitic worms feed on?

A

Blood, tissue fluids, or ices of cells within the hosts body

94
Q

Parasitic organisms do not have a ___?

A

Complex digestive system

95
Q

Because flatworms bodies are so ___, many of them do not need a ___nutrients around their bodies

A
  • flat and thin
  • circulatory system to transport
96
Q

What do flatworms rely on to support internal tissues

A

Diffusion to transport oxygen

97
Q

What are things that flatworms don’t have?

A
  • Gills or other respiratory organs
  • Heart
  • Blood or blood vessels
98
Q

What are flame cells

A

Specialized cells that filter and remove metabolic wastes like ammonia and excess from flatworms bodies

99
Q

What makes flatworms different from Cnidarians and sponges

A

More complete structures that are better at detecting and respnding to stimuli

100
Q

In free-living flatworms, what does a head enclose?

A

Several ganglia that control their nervous systems

101
Q

What is a nerve ladder in a flatworm?

A

A nerve ladder? They are two long nerve cords running down from the ganglia along both the sides of the body

102
Q

What do flatworms eyes detect?

A

Changes in the amount of light in their environment

103
Q

Flatworms also have cells that do what?

A

Detect external stimuli like chemical in the water and the direction that the water is flowing in

104
Q

Parasitic flatworms lack what?

A

Many traits that regular flatworms have

105
Q

What are the two ways that flatworms move?

A
  • Cilia on their epidermal cells that help them glide through water and over bottoms of streams and ponds
  • Muscles controlled by their nervous systems that let them twist and turn
106
Q

How do flatworms reproduce?

A

Sexually and asexually

107
Q

What does the class turbellaria include?

A

Planaria

108
Q

Class trematoda (liver flukes)

A

Worms that grow through liver and cow manure, travel through mud snail, are eten, rinse ad repeat

109
Q

Tapeworms

A

Attaches to the inner wall of the intestine and feeds off of food being digested. Pieces break off along with eggs, travel through fecal matter. It then infects soil or water

110
Q

What are roundworms

A

Slender, round, unsegmented worms with tapering ends

111
Q

What are the two groups of roundworms

A
  • Free living
  • Parasitic
112
Q

How many germ layers do roundworms have?

A

Three

113
Q

Where are roundworms body cavities located?

A

Between the endoderm and mesoderm (pseudocoelom)

114
Q

What is the body plan of roundworms

A
  • Have a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus
  • ## “Tube within a tube structure”
115
Q

What do roundworms use to exchange gases and excrete metabolic waste

A

They use their body walls

116
Q

Roundworms have no ____ and rely on ___

A
  • Internal transport system
  • Diffusion on the movement of nutrients and wastes
117
Q

Roundworms have muscles that ___?

A

Extend the length of their bodies

118
Q

How do roundworms move?

A

By using a hydrostatic skeleton, they contract these muscles to move like a snake through the water they’re in

119
Q

How do roundworms reproduce?

A

Sexually, through internal fertilization

120
Q

Parasitic roundworms (what do they do)

A

Cause malnutrition and absorb nutrients from the host, abdominal pain, coughing and gagging. Spread by eating unwashed vegetables

121
Q

Hookworm (what does it do?)

A

Enters in between toes and hooks onto the intestine of host, draining its blood

122
Q

Pinworm

A

Eggs are spread when people itch anus, female migrates out of anus each night so the eggs can be spread

123
Q

Trichinella (What do they do?)

A

Comes from eating undercooked pork, invades muscles and organs and forms painful cysts in them

124
Q

Filarial worm

A

Small nematode that lives in lymph nodes and blocks the ducts causing swelling and inflammation in the area (EXTREME)

125
Q
A
126
Q

What are the five ways to classify an animal

A
  • Symmetry
  • Germ layers
  • Body plan
  • Segmentation
  • Evolution
127
Q

Is a Medusa motile or sessile?

A

Motile

128
Q

What is alteration of generations?

A

Jellyfishes ability to reproduce secually and asexually

129
Q

What ate flame cells primary function?

A

Excretion

130
Q

What are platyhelminthes body plan and Germ layers

A

Bilateral triploblactic

131
Q

A nematode has what type of Coelomate?

A

Pseudocoelom

132
Q

What is a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

Fluids in a roundworms pseudocoelom and muscles that help it move

133
Q

What is included in class Hydrozoa

A
  • Hydra
  • Portuguese man of war
134
Q

What animals are included in the class scyphozoa

A
  • Moon jelly
  • Purple jelly
135
Q

What animals are included in the class cubazoa

A
  • Box jelly

OH MY GOD WHY DID I CHOOSE SPANISH UGH AUGH AUGH AUGH AUGH AUGH (4 decks)

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