Bio 107.1.2 Flashcards
Proteins of the Bilayer
integral + peripheral
glycoprotein (protein with sugar attached, important for cell recognition)
glycolipid (lipid with sugar attached)
cholesterol (between phospholipid molecules, influences memb permeability and fluidity)
Hypotonic Solution
Isotonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution
a: lyze
p: turgid
a: same
p: flaccid (lack of turgidity)
a: shrink
p: plasmolyze
Proteins involved in facilitated diffusion:
Channel proteins: often gated, allow one type of molecule/ion to pass (tube)
Carrier: conformative change (pac man), affinity for target molecule is the same on both sides, determined by concentration gradient
Proteins involved in active transport
carrier proteins
cotransporters (couple downhill to uphill)
Bulk Transport Methods
Exocytosis: out
Endocytosis: in (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor medicated endocytosis)
receptors bind to ligand (substance), clathrin coats receptor from inside the cell, forms pit and vesicle
Gram Stain
bacteria cell wall, stain is purple
gram positive: thick peptidoglycan layer
gram negative: peptidoglycan and lipid layer
Peptidoglycan Components
NAG + NAM subunits + small peptides attached to NAM for cross linking between 2 peptide side chains with covalent bonds (transpeptidation) + strength
What is another component of bacterial walls
capsule
Antibiotic Targets
prokaryotic ribosomes (responsible for protein synthesis)
prokaryotic cell walls
ex. lysozyme is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of B 1-4 links between NAG and NAM (peptidoglycan wall falls apart, cells lyse)
ex. penicillin inhibits transpeptidation best on gram-positive)
What are the two types of pilli
fimbriae (attach to surface or host cells)
sex pilus (conjugation)
Characteristics of archaea cell walls
no real petidoglycan, some covered by archaea specific lipopolysaccharides (stronger due to unique differences (i.e. ether)
Characteristics of plant cell walls
primary: young, outside plasma membrane
secondary: mature, hardening
Middle lamella: made of stick polysaccharides called pectin
Plasmodesmata: pores allowing passing of H2O and small molecules
Interactions in Animal Cells
extracellular matrix: some cells connect to ECM by fibronectin
fibronectin interacts with collagen and binds to integrin
collagen is embedded in a network of glycoproteins
3 Types of Junctions in Animal Cells
tight junctions: fused
desmosomes: fastened at certain points
gap junctions: connexon between cells that allow for free exchange of molecules
2, 6 protein subunits made one gap junction
Endosymbiont Hypothesis
mitochondria and chloroplasts
each have their own DNA, own ribosomes, prokaryote
Ribosome production
nucleosome
Site of protein synthesis + assembly
rER
Inclusion Cell Disease
loss of modification in golgi, proteins go to outside of cell instead of lysosome
autophagy
cell eats itself (old mitochondria digested by lysosome)
Tay Sachs
lack of enzyme to digest glycolipids in nerve cells _> neural degeneration in the brain
Types of Food Vacuoles
food vacuole: phagocytosis
contractile vacuole: excess H2O pumped out (fresh water protists)
central vacuole (plants); maintains turgor pressure
