Bio 107.1.1 Flashcards
Homologous vs Analogous
h: common ancestor
a: evolve separately
Cladogram vs Phylogram
c: branch
p: branch length proportional to change
Taxons:
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya
B: prokaryote, cell wall with peptidoglycan, no nuclear membrane, no membrane-bound organelles, 1 chromosome (nucleoid), membranes composed of unbranched FA chains attached to glycerol by ester links
A: prokaryotes, no nuclear membrane/membrane-bound organelles, 1 chromosome (nucleoid), membranes composed of unusual lipids (branched FA chains) attached to glycerol by ether links, extreme environments, some have cell walls without peptidoglycan
E: eukaryotes, nuclear membrane + membrane-bound organelles, no cell wall, cytoskeleton, membranes composed of unbranched FA chains attached to glycerol with ester links
Isomers
structural/constitutional: dif bond order
stereoisomers:
geometric: trans vs cis
enantiomers: 4 dif atoms bound to carbon
Different Polysaccharides
storage: amylose (alpha 1-6 glycosidic link), amylopectin (alpha 1-4), glycogen (alpha 1-4 more frequent)
structural: cellulose (beta 1-4), chitin (beta 1-4 with acetyl group instead of OH)
Fat Composition
3 FA joined to glycerol with ester link (triglyceride)
Fat state at room temp:
Saturated: solid
Unsaturated: liquid
Trans (hydrogenated unsaturated lipids): solid at room temp
Steroids
lipids with Carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings
Polar AA
CATTGS
cysteine, asparagine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamine, serine
Acidic (negatively charged) AA
AGA
glutamic acid, aspartic acid
Basic (positively charged) AA
BHAL
histamine, arginine, leucine
Chaperonins
proteins that help help the proper folding of proteins
5 Carbon Sugar bonding
1’ (n-base)
2’ (OH RNA, H DNA)
3’ (OH)
4’
5’ (extend from 4, phosphate)
6’ (no C, but O)
Pyrimidines vs Purines
Py: 6 carbon rind, CUT, cytosine, uracil, thymine
Pu: 5 + 6 carbon rings bind, PAG, adenine, guanine
