BIO 105 EXAM 2 Flashcards
Briefly, what
two biological processes are affecting the dissolved oxygen
concentrations, and how are these processes affecting the dissolved oxygen concentrations?
Photosynthesis
–photosynthesis splits water which produces oxygen, thus while the sun is shining the oxygen concentration is increasing.
Respiration
–respiration consumes O2 as a terminal electron acceptor in oxidative
phosphorylation. Respiration will continue in the absence of sunlight, thus decreasing the
concentration of dissolved oxygen when it is dark
What is the source of electrons in respiration, and where do those electrons eventually end up?
Source: food molecules such as glucose
Final Location:e- end up on O2, forming water
What is the source of electrons in photosynthesis, and where do those electrons eventually end up?
Source:water
Final Location: sugars such as glucose
Requires an integral membrane protein specific for a substance to be transported
Facilitated Diffusion (FD), Active transport (AT)
Used for getting CO2 (and other gases) out of the cell
Simple diffusion (SD)
Requires a concentration gradient across the membrane
Simple diffusion (SD), and Facilitated diffusion (FD)
Used for concentrating things inside a cell
Active transport (AT)
Requires ATP (or some other form of energy)
Active transport (AT)
Thylakoid
chlorophyll molecules are found here (be as specific as possible)
Chloroplast and Mitochondrion
thought to have arisen from endosymbiotic prokaryotes
Matrix
the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion
Cytoskeleton
composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filament
Golgi apparatus
this organelle functions in sorting and shipping modified proteins; vesicles
will bleb from its trans face and fuse with the plasma membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
this organelle is bound with ribosomes that are synthesizing proteins
ATP can be made by directly transferring a high energy phosphate group from an
organic molecule to ADP, in a process called: (what is the name of the process?)
Substrate level phosphorylation
ATP can also be synthesized by capturing energy stored in a proton gradient across
the mitochondrial inner membrane, in a process called: (what is the name of the process?)
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that
oxidative phosphorylation uses energy stored in a chemiosmotic gradient
The reactions of the Calvin cycle require all the following molecules EXCEPT
glucose
What kind of enzymes control the activities of other proteins by phosphorylating them?
Kinases
The primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is to
Make ATP and NADPH
In green plants, the primary function of the Calvin cycle is to
Fix CO2 into the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
The splitting of water and the reduction of NADP+ both
contribute to the electrochemical gradient responsible for the synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis.
Therefore, you would expect that:
water is split in the thylakoid lumen, and NADP+ is reduced in the stroma
In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?
harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction center chlorophyll
Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis because
RUBISCO binds oxygen molecules in a nonproductive reaction
The purpose of respiration is to
make ATP
The Krebs cycle produces which of the following molecule that then transfer energy to the electron transport system?
FADH2 and NADH
The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (ATP + H2O→ ADP + Pi) is
Exergonic, has a negative delta G, and occurs spontaneously
What does cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produce?
ATP
During noncyclic electron flow in photosynthesis, electrons are transferred among all of the following molecules or systems. List the order of locations that a pair of electrons will pass through
1) Water
2) Photosystem II
3) Photosystem I
4) NADPH
5) Sugar
