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Evolution > Bio 102, unit 2 > Flashcards

Bio 102, unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Holds that chromosomes are the structures that physically contain genes.

A

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

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2
Q

Proposed Chromosome Theory in 1903.

A

Walter Sutton & Theordore Boveri

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3
Q

Each matched pair of chromosomes, one obtained from each parent.

A

Homologues

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4
Q

All chromosome characteristics in the body or a representation of.

A

Karyotype

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5
Q

Chromosomes that determine gender of the individual; XY in males, XX in females.

A

Sex chromosomes

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6
Q

All other chromosomes besides sex chromosomes.

A

Autosomes

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7
Q

A single strand of replicated chromosome.

A

Chromatid

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8
Q

Specialized region on each chromosomes where both sister chromatids are attached.

A

Centromere

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9
Q

Structure attached to centromere where fibers from mitotic spindle connect.

A

Kinetochore

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10
Q

Having two different sex chromosomes, such as XY in human males.

A

Heterogametic

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11
Q

Heritable change in alleles due to substitution, insertion, or deletion of nucleotides.

A

Mutation

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12
Q

T/F: Mutations are usually dominant.

A

F

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13
Q

If mutation is on sex chromosome, the father’s allele will not be passed with the Y chromosome to which gender of offspring?

A

Male

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14
Q

If an allele is on the X chromosome, female offspring will have the same phenotype as which parent?

A

Paternal

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15
Q

If an allele is on the X chromosome, male offspring will have the same phenotype as which parent?

A

Maternal

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16
Q

Inheritance of traits located on the X chromosome.

A

Sex linkage, or X-linkage

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17
Q

Three Sex-linked Traits in Humans

A

Baldness, color blindness, hemophilia

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18
Q

Having one or more genes that have no allele counterparts, such as on the X chromosome.

A

Hemizygous

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19
Q

Inactivated X chromosomes in mammalian females.

A

Barr bodies

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20
Q

Any cell that is not or will not become a gamete.

A

Somatic cell

21
Q

Idea proposed by Mary Lyon that mammalian females inactivate one or the other X chromosome in each somatic cell during early embryogenesis.

A

Lyon Hypothesis

22
Q

Type of inheritance in which heterozygotes fully express both alleles.

A

Co-dominance

23
Q

Example of co-dominance in humans.

A

Blood type

24
Q

Condition where neither allele is dominant over the other. Heterozygous individuals express an intermediate phenotype.

A

Incomplete Dominance

25
Q

Genes that have more than two alleles; results from different mutations of the same gene.

A

Multiple alleles

26
Q

Expression of one gene masked by expression of another gene.

A

Epistasis

27
Q

T/F: Phenotype and pigmentation can be affected by environment.

A

True

28
Q

Occurs when a trait is controlled by several gene pairs; usually results in continuous variation.

A

Polygenic Inheritance

29
Q

A genotype with multiple phenotypic effects; a single gene effects more than one trait.

A

Pleiotropy

30
Q

Example of pleiotropy in humans.

A

Sickle-cell anemia, produces multiple consequnces

31
Q

Condition in which inheritance of a particular gene is coupled with that of a specific chromosome.

A

Linkage

32
Q

Occurs during meiosis when chromatids exchange parts with other chromatids, resulting in new combinations.

A

Recombination

33
Q

Process in which part of a chromatid is physically exchanged with another chromatid; results in new allele combinations.

A

Crossing-over

34
Q

Mutation where order of genes is reversed on a chromosome segment.

A

Inversion

35
Q

Mutation where a gene is added into an existing sequence.

A

Insertion

36
Q

Mutation that produces and extra copy of a chromosome segment without altering number of chromosomes.

A

Duplication

37
Q

Mutation where segments of a chromosome are lost or removed.

A

Deletion

38
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase

39
Q

T/F: During mitosis, one round of nuclear division produces two identical cells.

A

T

40
Q

Two rounds of sexual division that produces 4 gametes (1n) which are not identical.

A

Meiosis

41
Q

Point of contact where two homologous, non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during crossover in meiosis.

A

Chiasmata

42
Q

Condition in which an organism has at least one extra copy of a chromosome.

A

Polysomy

43
Q

Condition in which an organism has three copies of a chromosome instead of two.

A

Trisomy

44
Q

Condition in which an organism has only one copy of a chromosome instead of two.

A

Monosomy

45
Q

Monosomy in which the female has only one X chromosome.

A

Turner’s Syndrome

46
Q

Autosomal trisomy 21

A

Down’s Syndrome

47
Q

Trisomy in which males have an extra X chromosome, XXY.

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

48
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Testes or ovaries

Evolution (2 decks)

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