BIO-1010 Test #3 Flashcards
ATP
Energy currency of cells generated from food breakdown.
Calorie
Unit measuring energy content in food, often kcal.
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients that must be obtained from diet.
Alimentary Canal
Digestive pathway from mouth to anus.
Peristalsis
Rhythmic muscle contractions moving food through digestive tract.
Bolus
Chewed food mixed with saliva before swallowing.
Chyme
Partially digested food in the stomach.
Gastric Juices
Secretions in stomach aiding protein digestion.
Pepsin
Enzyme in gastric juice that hydrolyzes proteins.
Villi
Small structures in the intestine for nutrient absorption.
Bile
Substance produced by liver to emulsify fats.
Pancreas
Organ releasing enzymes for digestion in small intestine.
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and stores fecal material.
Homeostasis
Regulation of internal environment for stability.
Negative Feedback
Mechanism reversing changes to maintain balance.
Positive Feedback
Mechanism intensifying response until completion.
Thermostat Control
Example of negative feedback regulating body temperature.
Circulatory System
System transporting gases, nutrients, and wastes.
Red Blood Cells
Cells transporting oxygen using hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin
Protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
Digestive System
System responsible for breaking down food.
Mechanical Digestion
Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.
Chemical Digestion
Breakdown of food by enzymes and acids.
Salivary Amylase
Enzyme in saliva that begins starch digestion.
Gastric Glands
Cells in stomach lining secreting digestive juices.
Mucus Barrier
Protective layer preventing stomach lining damage.
Nucleases
Enzymes breaking down nucleic acids into nucleotides.
Electrolytes
Charged substances absorbed in the large intestine.
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
Red Blood Cells Lifespan
Circulate for about 3-4 months before degradation.
Spleen Function
Breaks down worn-out blood cells and hemoglobin.
White Blood Cells
Defend body and maintain cellular housekeeping.
Platelets
Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting.
Clotting Proteins
Inactive proteins activated by liver during injury.
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.
Capillaries
Site of exchange between blood and body cells.
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart with lower pressure.
Lymphatic Vessels
Collect fluid from tissues and return to veins.
Lymph Nodes
Filter microorganisms from lymph fluid.
Antigens
Foreign substances triggering immune responses.
Natural Defenses
First line of defense against pathogens.
Mucous Membranes
Prevent microbe entry in non-skin areas.
Macrophages
Engulf and destroy foreign cells via phagocytosis.
Natural Killer Cells
Destroy abnormal or virus-infected body cells.
Specific Defense Mechanisms
Targeted immune response against specific invaders.
Memory Cells
Recognize and respond quickly to previous infections.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Involves T cells targeting infected cells.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Involves B cells producing antibodies against antigens.
T Cells
Coordinate and execute immune responses.
B Cells
Produce antibodies that neutralize specific antigens.
Active Immunity
Body produces antibodies after infection or vaccination.
Passive Immunity
Receives antibodies from another organism.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Includes brain and spinal cord for processing information.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves extending outside the CNS to organs.
Neurons
Nerve cells transmitting signals throughout the body.
Action Potential
Electrical signal triggering nerve signal transmission.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical signals released to transmit nerve impulses.
Testes
Male reproductive organs producing sperm and hormones.
Ovary
Female organ producing gametes and hormones.
Uterus
Site for fertilization and fetal development.
Vagina
Birth canal connecting uterus to external opening.
Lifetime Gamete Production
Men produce gametes continuously; women cyclically.
Hormone Production
Men have constant; women have cyclic hormone levels.
Urinary and Reproductive Tract
Men share; women have separate systems.
Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum
back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision and reading ability ( at back of the head)
Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum
middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers
frontal lobe of cerebrum
- The top, and front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres.
-Used for reasoning, emotions, judgment, voluntary movement
Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum
-region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory
Corpus Callosum
Large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, it looks a bit like a “C” on its side.
Cerebellum
part of the brain below the back of the cerebrum. Itregulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination.
Medulla Oblongata
- the lowest section of the brainstem (at the top of the spinal cord);
- controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc
pons
- part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum.
- located just above the Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine (vertebrae)
Pituitary Gland
- gland attached to the base of the brain That secretes hormones.
-located between the Pons and the Corpus Callosum
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The baseline number of kcal a resting animal needs to fuel these processes
Mouth
physical and chemical breakdown
Allergies
Excess sensitivity to antigens that are NOT harmful to the body
Atria
2 upper chambers of the heart
Ventricles
2 Lower chambers of the heart
capillaries
site of exchange between body cells and the blood
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients needed for normal body function
Vitamins
Organic nutrients needed for normal body functions
Food absorption
uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism’s own body; the third main stage of food processing, following digestion
antibodies
proteins that bind with specific antigens to inactivate them
(In humans) the circulatory system consist of
- Heart (pump)
- Blood vessels (transport tubes)
- Blood (transport fluid)
- Lymph and the lymphatic vessels
what does the alimentary canal consist of (in order)
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
what 3 regions is the small intestine divided into
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
types of digestion taking place in stomach
mechanical
3 types of T cells
cytotoxic/killer , helper, Memory
what is used to create the 3 types of vaccines
- Antigens or inactivated toxins*
- Weakened pathogen
- Killed pathogens
