Bio 100 Final Flashcards
artificial Selection
Breeding certain breeds to create a desired breed
Lamarck
Father of evolution. remembered for an idea that was false. Idea was: changing your behavior to change your DNA.
Darwin
Father of Natural Selection
Reasons natural selection happens
Overproduction
Limited Resources
Genetic Variation
Survival of the Adequate
How to measure biological success
Survival and reproduction
Evidence of Evolution
Fossils Bio-Geography (a plant transported from one continent to another) Comparative Anatomy Comparative Embryology Comparative Behaviors Molecular Biology (Comparing DNA)
Mammals Separated into 4 groups:
Mammal-Like reptiles
Montremes (platypus - the only animal w/o nipples)
Marsupials - Born Premature
Placentals - Bears squirrels
General body plans of animals
Symmetry Cephalization (can tell where head is located) type of guts body cavities segmentation Tissue differentiation
Phylum: Porifera
Sponges
Synap: No tissue, spicules (little needles)
Phylum: Cnidaria
Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals
Synap: Radial Symmetry
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Flatworms and Tapeworms
Synap: bilateral symmetry
Phylum: Moluscs
Slugs
Synap: Mantle
Phylum: Nematoda
Roundworms
Synap: pseudocoelom - gut cavity isn’t lines with mesosperm
Phylum: Echinoderms
Starfish and Sand dollars
Synap: Pentaradial Symmetry
Phylum: Cordata
Fish (we humans also fall under this phylum)
Synap: Dorsal Nerve Cord, Throat slits, Post anal tail
What do insects have (body)
6 legs and 3 body regions
Things that make Humans unique
The EXTENT to which we use the following: Tools, Brains, Culture, Thumbs, Language, Math, Habitat Manipulation.
Also eternal perspective
Why reproduce?
Continuity, and increase population
Definition “Obligate Out-Crosser”
Must reproduce asexually
Definition “Facultative Out-Crosser”
Can Choose to produce asexually or sexually
What is Pando?
A network of aspens that’s the largest living organism in the world
Why do we have a sex drive?
willingness to pair
3 things that plants are:
- Multicellular
- Phototroph (means doesn’t produce it’s own food)
- Uses Chlorophyll A and B during Photosynthesis (only synapomorphy of plants)
4 groups of plants:
- Bryophytes (Moss)
- Ferns & Relatives
- Gymnosperms (conifers (type of tree))
- Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Why do plants exist?
to make more plants
How to flowers reproduce?
By dispersing gametes in random ways (pollination)
definition: Whorl
spinny part of the flower
Plants are either: (2 categories)
Monocots or Dicots
Plants: Cotyledon, Monocot vs. Dicot
Embryo of the seed
Monocot has 1
Dicot has 2
Plants: Floral Parts (petals), Monocot vs. Dicot
Monocot has petals in multiples of 3
Dicot has petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Plants: Leaf Veins, Monocot vs Dicot
Monocot has parallel veins
Dicot has net like veins
Plants: Vascular Tissue, Monocot vs Dicot
Monocot has tissue throughout ground of stem
Dicot has tissue in the ring of the stem
Kingdom Fungi: 3 Characteristics
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophic
- Extracellular Digestion (synap of Fungi)
5 kinds of Fungi:
- Mold
- Sac Fungi (yeast, penicillin)
- Club Fungi (Mushrooms)
- Fungi Imperfecti
- Lichens (mutualism with another organism (grows on trees))
Protista have 4 roles:
protists are not plants, animals, or fungi. But their own group
- Decomposers
- Pathogens
- Photosynthesizers
- Chemosynthesizers
What is life? (4 traits)
- Cells and Metabolism
- Requires energy levels
- Senses and responds to changing conditions
- Grows and reproduces
Viruses (not cellular, not living, but almost)
2 characteristics:
- Protein coat surrounding the Nucleic Acid
2. Can’t reproduce by itself
4 Types of viruses:
- Common cold
- Influenza
- HIV
- AIDS
What’s HIV?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
knocks down immune system so you can’t fight off diseases
What’s AIDS?
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
A set of conditions that results from HIV
What is a Habitat?
An organism’s Address
What is a Niche?
An organism’s Job
“Competitive Exclusion Principle”
2 species that require identical resources cannot coexist indefinitely
“Red Queen Hypothesis”
You have to run as fast as you can just to stay in place
What will be the cause of the 6th extinction?
Humans
Biotic Province
Major Divisions of the earth bases on phylogenetically related assemblages (homology). based on who is related to who. Province = Homo
Biome
Land region distinctive by it’s habitat, community structure, niche and species (analogous). Biome = Analogy
Abiotic Biome Factors:
Temperature, Water, Elevation, Light, Moisture, Chemistry, Nutrients, Fire.
Elements found in living things (6 things)
(CHONPS) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulphur
Education strategy (top methods)
Facts, concepts, methods, application, relevance, and life long learning
Discovery Tools humans use
Faith, Force, Consensus, Art, Science
Age of Universe
13.8b years
Age of Earth
4.6b years
Earliest Life on earth (years ago)
3.5b years
Earliest Homo sapiens (years ago)
200k years
5 cool things about water
(PT CSI)
- Polar
- Thermal Buffer
- Cohesion
- Solvent
- Ice Floats
Life emerges when what 2 elements are mixed?
Water and Carbon
3 Kinds of bonds: strongest to weakest
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
4 Macromolecules of life
- Carbs
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acid
Central Dogma of molecular biology
DNA makes RNA makes Protein
(Replication (loops)) -> (Transcription) -> (Translation) (Regulation (loops))
(RTTR)
Phylum: Arthropod
Crabs, Beetles
Synap: exoskeleton, segmented body
God created the most arthropods
Why asexual reproduction?
Quickly fills a habitat
Why sexual reproduction?
Diversity!
What things should humans consider before their population reaches the carrying capacity?
Stewardship and responsibility
The possibilities of limited resources
Alternative technologies to support life
The impact of their population on themselves and other species
Types of wealth of a country
Material, Cultural, Biological
What does it mean to be human? (what should we respect?)
Treat material, cultural, and living things with respect.
What is life? (definition 2)
Order, Complex organization Regulation. Homeostasis Growth and development. Genes Use energy Respond to the environment Reproduce Evolve
