Bio 10 Final Exam Flashcards
In plants, a cuticle:
-resists water loss
-covers epidermal cells.
-contains waxes
-resists attack by microorganisms.
The relationship between a plant and
mycorrhizal fungus is best described as
___________.
mutualistic
the differences
between primary and secondary plant growth?
-secondary growth is related to growth in width
-primary growth is related to growth in length
- primary growth is due to the division of the shoot and
root tip
-secondary growth is due to the division of the vascular
cambium
An example of mechanical digestion?
chewing
the following are associated with the movement of materials already in the phloem.
-movement is from source-to-sink.
-pressure flow is responsible for movement of sugars within the phloem.
-water flows into the phloem in response to a concentration gradient when sugar accumulates in the phloem
Plasma is primarily composed of
________.
Water
All veins carry ____________.
blood toward the heart
Deserts and arctic tundra are similar in
several ways.
-low annual rainfall
-extreme climates with short growing
seasons
-heavy plant competition for water
-dry air
A community differs from an ecosystem in that
a community does NOT include
Abiotic (nonliving) factors.
Producers uptake ______ molecules and use
energy from ______ to convert them into
_____ molecules.
energy-poor; sunlight; energy-rich
In the food chain, grass → antelope →
human → lion, the antelope is
both an herbivore and a primary
consumer.
Competitive exclusion is based on the idea
that
no two species can completely occupy the same niche.
an interaction in which one member of a pair benefits while
the other is harmed?
parasitism.
Type I survivorship curves are typical of
species that exhibit ______.
few offspring and good parental care
What will most likely happen to a population when the size of the population far overshoots their carrying capacity? (such as the deer on St. Matthew’s island)
the population crashes.
In ecosystems, the factors that tend to reduce the size of some populations, regardless of how large the population is, are called
Density-independent factors.
Dermal tissue
-Forms an outer protective covering
-Dermal cells secrete a waxy cuticle
-make root hairs for the water to be absorbed
vascular tissue
Transport tissue includes:
Xylem -transports water and minerals
phloem -Transports sugars
Ground Tissue
Mesophyll
-in leaves, site of PSN
Cortex
-in roots, storage, and metabolic processes
Mycorrhizal
-Thread-like strands surround the root, greatly increasing the absorptive surface area
-symbiotic mutualism between young plant root and fungus
Root nodules
-Swelling on roots
-Contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Role of the Casparian strip
waxy band creates barrier
Role of the endodermis
regulates what enters vascular tissue
The function of the plant cuticle.
-A water permeability barrier that prevents evaporation of water from the epidermal surface and also prevents external water and solutes from entering the tissues
- is a protecting film covering the outermost skin layer (epidermis) of leaves,
function of roots
Functions:
-anchorage and support
-minerals, nutrient and water absorption
-reproduction
-food storage
function of Stems
Functions:
-supports and holds leaves, flowers, and fruits.
-arrange leaves to receive direct sunlight and gas exchange
-The xylem and phloem present in the vascular bundles of stems conduct water and minerals across the plant.
-Few green stems contain chloroplasts and are capable of carrying out photosynthesis as well.
Structure of leaves
Epidermis:
-water and an air-tight surface of the leaf
Stomata:
-pores on the underside of the leaf
-allows for gas exchange, but water is lost as well
Function of leaves
-Give protection to reproductive organs like stamen and stigma.
-Attract pollinators with their bright colors.
-Help the plant to bear fruits and seeds after reproduction.
-In nature, it is the key point for a new generation to come.
-Most of all, it provides food.
Meristem tissue
-cells divide every 12-36 hours
-adds cells to root length and root cap
Primary growth
elongation of stem and roots
Secondary growth
-growth in plant width
-woody plant tissue
Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension mechanism
-water evaporates from cells in the leaf and out of stomata (transpiration)
-water molecules stick to one another (cohesion) and to the walls of xylem cells (adhesion)
-this creates a tension on water, pulls water molecules up through the xylem
Stomata
-pores on the underside of the leaf
-allows for gas exchange, but water is lost as well
-water pressure -> stoma open; lack of water -> stoma closes
-low CO2 opens stomata; high CO2 in leaf closes stomata
xylem
transports water and minerals
phloem
transports sugars
companion cells
Found in the phloem cells of a plant are companion cells. Companion cells are a type of parenchyma cell. Parenchyma cells are parts of the ground tissue of plants. The cell walls of these cells are typically thinner than most other cell walls. These cells make up the majority of the plant.
The pressure-Flow mechanism in plants.
-Translocation of sugars through the phloem
-movement is described as the source to sink
-sugar source: a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar
-sugar sink: a plant organ that is a net consumer or store of sugar
Process of pressure-Flow mechanism
- sugar is loaded from a source cell to the phloem via active transport.
- sugar conc. increase, water moves in via osmosis
-pressure builds, pushing sugar solution from source to sink. - at the sink cell, sugar unloaded out of the phloem
- water moves back into the xylem
Intracellular digestion
-Enzymes break down food inside cells
-phagocytosis
-food can only be smaller than organisms cells
Extracellular digestion
-Nutrients are broken down outside the cell (in specialized compartments)
-pre-digested food gets absorbed by cells
-outside the cells
Incomplete digestive system
-cavity or sac with single opening -> serves as mouth and anus “manus”
-Gastrouscular cavity
Complete digestive system
-tube extending between two opening
-mouth and anus
-regions of specialization along the tube
-“alimentary canal” or “Digestive tract.”
Examples of animals with highly modified digestive systems
Birds:
-crop: stores food prior to digestion
-stomach: secrestes enzymes for digestion
-gizzard: muscular organ, that grinds food (like teeth)
Human stomach
-mixes and store food
-digests food: chyme
-controls passage to the small intestine
-mechanicl digestion: the action of muscular stomach walls
-Chemical diestion: pepsin breaks down proteins
-HCC (kills pathogens)
-mucus (protection)
absorbed in the small intestine
Villi:
-finger-like projections on the wall of the intestine
Microvilli:
-tiny projections on the epithelial cells of the villi
-absorption occurs across microvilli
-active transport, diffusion
Carnivores (cat) teeth
-incisors: reduced
-canines: enlarged
-molars: reduced, have cutting edge
Rodents (rat) teeth
-incisors: huge, gnaw food
-canines: absent
-molars: grind food
Grazing animal (deer) teeth
-incisors: specialized for clipping off plant material
-canines: absent
-molars: massive with grinding surface
Omnivore (human) teeth
-teeth relatively unspecialized
Animal Gas Exchange
- Entire body surfaces
-no circulatory system
-diffusion through the skin
-small, simple organisms
-flatworm, hydra, sponges - Entire body surfaces
-diffusion into a circulatory system
-earthworms - tracheal system
- Gills
- Lungs
Tracheal system
-air tubes that extend throughout the body
Spiracle:
-air enters the body through a series of openings
Tracheal system:
-the branched network of tubules. Gas exchange occurs at moist tips
-assistance by a circulatory system not needed for respiration
-the circulatory system used only for nutrient transport
Gills
-extensions of the body surface
-specialized in water
Fish Gills:
-water is drowned in through the mouth and passed over the gills
Countercurrent Flow:
-blood flows in the opposite direction of water flow over the filaments
Lungs
-pair of internal, thin-walled, moistened sacs. Protected from dry environments.
Bird Lungs
- Lungs connected to a series of air sacs
-air flows through the lungs instead of in and out
-constant flow of O2 rich air in lungs
Human Respiratory system
Inhalation:
-diaphragm contracts; increasing space in chest cavity ->
-pulls air into the lungs
-negative pressure breathing
Exhalation:
-diaphragm releases; decreasing space in chest cavity ->
-air leaves the lungs
Route of air passage
- Nasal cavity
- lined with hair and mucus that filter dust
-warms and moistens the air - Pharynx (throat)
-food and air - Larynx (voicebox)
- Trachea (windpipe)
- Broncho
-one of two tubes join the trachea to the lungs - Bronchiotes
- Alveoli
-cup-shaped sacs at the end of bronchioles
-gas exchange surface (300 million sacs-like clusters)
-covered with capillaries
Tracheal system of insects
These tracheae penetrate right through the insect’s body. Air enters the tracheae by pores called spiracles. These spiracles are found on each side of the insect’s abdomen. Each segment of the abdomen has a pair of spiracles.
Role of the Casparian strip
the waxy band creates a barrier
Closed circulatory systems
-Capillaries
-blood is contained within vessels
-vertebrates, annelids, cephalopods
Opened circulatory systems
-no capillaries
-hemolymph directly contacts tissues
-snail, arthropods
Fish, shark, and ray Cardiovascular system
-2 chambered heart
-single circulation
Amphibians’ (Reptiles) Cardiovascular system
-3 chambered heart
-2 partially separate circuits
Mammals (birds and crocodilians) Cardiovascular system
-4 chambered heart
-two completely separate circuits
- a 4 chambered heart ensures complete segregation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood within the heart.
Human Cardiovascular System aka blood
Blood:
-transport gases, nutrients, and hormones
-Plasma (55%)
-White blood cells and platelets (<1%)- leukocytes
-Red blood cells (45%)- erythrocytes
Blood flow through the heart
Right side:
-right atrium receives O2 poor blood from body
-1-way valve causes 1-way flow to right ventricle
-right ventricle pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary artery
Lift side:
-left atrium fills with O2 rich blood
-left ventricle pumps O2 rich blood to body through the aorta
*Blood flows from large arteries to smaller vessels until it reaches capillaries
