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Bovine Clinical Studies > Bill- Lamness and Claws > Flashcards

Bill- Lamness and Claws Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 steps to examining a lame cow

A 
Which leg
Above claw lesions or swelling
External surface of both claws
Restrain and lift leg
Grind away superficial surface
White line
Hoof testers
Upper limb examination
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2
Q

What is interdigital necrobacillosis and what is it caused by

A

Foot rot caused by fusobacterium necrophorum

Enters through cuts and abrasions

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of foot rot

A

Febrile cows with swellings of coronet and pastern

Complications include septic arthritis and abscessation

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4
Q

How do you treat foot rot

A

Procaine penicillin (WHP 72hrs) or ceftiofur (WHP0) but more expensive

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5
Q

How can you prevent foot rot

A

Good maintenance of tracks to reduce stones etc
Reduce moisture
Promptly treat affected animals

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6
Q

What is an interdigital fibroma and how do you manage it

A

Fleshy growth that hangs between the toes
Normally more than one foot affected
Surgically remove using a nerve block and wire the toes together for 1 week with antibiotic powder applied daily
Recurrence is common

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7
Q

What is interdigital dermatitis caused by and how is it managed

A

Mild infection of the skin between the claws caused by Dichelobacter nodosus
Doesn’t normally cause lameness but is contagious and has a foul smell
Treat with topical oxytet or copper sulphate

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8
Q

What is digital dermatitis and what is it caused by

A

Thought to me multifactorial but mainly by Treponema infection when skin barrier is weakened

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9
Q

What are the three types of lesions reported in digital dermatitis

A

Erosions
Wart like lesions
Non healing lesions

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10
Q

What is seen with the erosive form of digital dermatitis

A

Red, moist exudative lesion above interdigital cleft on the plantar aspect of pastern
AKA Strawberry footrot
More common on hind feet

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11
Q

What is seen with the wart like form of digital dermatitis

A

Hairy foot warts and skin hyperplasia

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12
Q

Treatment and control of digital dermatitis

A

Topical oxytet with bandage or foot bath

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13
Q

What is thin sole and what are some risk factors for it developing

A

It is excessive wear of the sole

Walking long distances and time spent on concrete are important risk factors

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14
Q

What are some clinical signs of thin sole and what does treatment involve

A

Sore footed or shuffling gait
All four feet and sole is bruised and blood stained
Treatment is rest and time off concrete and as little walking as possible

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15
Q

What is bruised sole and where does it occur most

A

Aseptic traumatic pododermatitis
Soles are worn abnormally thin and flat
Hind in older cows
Fore in heifers

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16
Q

What is seen and how is it treated in bruised sole

A

Haemorrhage that is visible through the sole
Make sure there is no penetration
If brusing is the only problem, don’t remove horn
Apply a block if only one claw affected

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17
Q

What is a sole abscess and when can it occur

A

Septic traumatic pododermatitis
Separation of the sole and wall in the toe region
Can occur as a result to dirt and bacteria entering a puncture wound

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of a sole abscess

A

Rapid lameness with intense pain
Affected foot is very sensitive to hoof testers
Characteristic gait

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19
Q

How can you treat a sole abscess

A

Drain and release the pus
Remove under run horn
Apply a block to the unaffected claw

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20
Q

How do you apply a block

A 
Clean and dry claw
Scrape or sand sole
Dry the claw with metho
Choose a right or left block
Prepare and apply glue as per instructions
Apply to the healthy claw
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21
Q

What is white line disease, what causes it and what are its risk factors

A

White line is the connection between the sole and wall
Caused by penetrating FBs
Risk factors include excessive walking on hard surfaces, sharp turns, wet and dirty underfoot conditions that soften claw horn

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of white line disease

A

Haemorrhage, fissure and abscess along the white line

Infection tracking up wall or under sole

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23
Q

What is the progression of white line disease

A

Once separation occurs, small stones get into the gap that can cause a draining sinus at the coronet

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24
Q

Treatment of white line disease includes what

A 
Pare out cracks and wall
Let pus escape
Flush with povidone iodine solution
Apply a block
No need for antibiotics or bandaging
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25
Q

What is a sole ulcer

A

Pododermatitis circumspicta

Raw granulating lesion about 1cm in diameter concealed below a layer of discoloured horn

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26
Q

Where is a sole ulcer always located and why

A

Lateral hind claw distal to flexor tuberosity of distal phalanx because of excessive pressure

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27
Q

How can you treat a sole ulcer

A

Render sole concave and slope thin horn around any protruding corium
Apply block
May need antibiotics
May need astringent dressing if granulation is excessive

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28
Q

What is an axial wall crack

A

Crack in the inner wall of claw

Lateral hind claws

29
Q

When do most cows become lame from an axial wall crack

A

After heavy rainfall because fine mud particles get compacted in and can cause infection in the crack

30
Q

When is the most pain occurring in a axial wall crack

A

When two edges of the crack move, pulling and pushing the lamellae

31
Q

What is the treatment for an axial wall crack

A 
Remove debris and pare adjacent to crack
Remove under run horn
Excise granulation tissue
Apply block
Apply astringent dressing and give antibiotic treatment if there is an infection
32
Q

What is a vertical fissure of the claw wall

A

Sand crack
Split in the dorsal claw wall from coronary band to any distance
Front lateral claw and not normally assoc with lameness

33
Q

What is a horizontal fissure

A

Hardship groove
Interrupted claw growth due to a number of reasons
This can include severe upset in metabolism or systemic illness

34
Q

How long after the insult will a horizontal fissure apprea

A

3-4mths

35
Q

What will happen to the distal claw wall in a horizontal fissure

A

Distal wall will peel off or if it stays attached will cause variable lameness
Best to take the claw off with heavy casting and sedation

36
Q

What is septic arthritis

A

Deep sepsis of the digit

Occurs as an extension from another injury

37
Q

What will be seen with septic arthritis

A

Severe lameness with marked atrophy of the affected leg

Pus may discharge at the site of original entry or above the coronet

38
Q

Where can the infection spread with septic arthritis

A

Tendons and tendon sheath

39
Q

What are the treatment options for septic arthritis

A

Antibiotics unrewarding
Slaughter
Amuptation- may decrease life in the herd

40
Q

What is laminitis and what is it caused by

A

Disturbance in the microcirculation of the corium that results in impaired horn production

41
Q

What pathological changes happen with laminitis

A

Diffuse softening and discolouration, haemorrhage in the sole and heal
Ulcers
White line lesions

42
Q

What are the three classifications of laminitis

A

Acute, chronic and subclinical

43
Q

What causes acute laminitis

A

Carbohydrate overload

44
Q

What does acute laminitis look like

A

Saw horse stance, stiff walk with arched back

Warm hoof wall due to vasodilation

45
Q

How do you treat acute laminitis

A

NSAIDs and antihistamines

46
Q

What is chronic laminitis and how do you treat it

A

Develops over a prolonged period of time
Leads to deformation of the claw
No treatment really

47
Q

What is subclinical laminitis

A

Chronic condition recognised by poor horn quality, haemorrhages in sole and white line

48
Q

What condition is subclinical laminitis usually associated with

A

SARA

49
Q

What is a useful trick to determine whether you have an upper or lower limb lameness

A

Poke with a stick or spray water at the interdigital space and if it is an upper limb lameness the cow will be reluctant to lift her leg

50
Q

What is a dislocated hip

A

Coxo-femoral luxation

Normally displaced craniodorsally

51
Q

How do you treat a hip dislocation

A

Heavy sedation with xylazine
LR and tie her to two solid objects
Pull the leg and rotate the femur by pushing down on stifle and lifting the hock
Loud clunk if successful

52
Q

What is the prognosis for a hip dislocation

A

Better the earlier it is treated

Poorer if recurrence

53
Q

What is a sacroiliac luxation and what is the treatment

A

PArtial or complete separation of the fibrocartilaginous joint surface
NSAIDs and salvage and slaughter

54
Q

What do pelvic fractures look like

A

Knocked or dropped hips with minor lameness
Prognosis is good
If ileum protrudes through skin, remove it

55
Q

What is an upward patellar luxation

A

Patella fixed on medial aspect of upper part of femoral trochlea

56
Q

What does an upward patella luxation look like and how should you treat it

A

Leg gets ‘left behind’ and dragged forward

Surgical intervention is required as it gets worse over time

57
Q

What is stifle instability and what is it caused by

A

Femorotibial instability

Trauma that results in cruciate tear, injuries of menisci, rupture of collateral ligament

58
Q

What is found on PM of stifle instability animals

A

Large amounts of joint fluid and osteophytes and calcification

59
Q

What is spastic paresis

A

Elso heel

excessive tone and spastic contraction of the gastrocnemius muscles

60
Q

What causes septic arthritis

A

Penetration of a FB, extension of cellulitis and haematogenous spread

61
Q

What are the clinical signs of septic arthritis

A

Sudden lameness
Swollen joints
Limited joint movement
Rapid muscle atrophy of limb

62
Q

How can you treat septic arthritis

A

Unrewarding in adults but can be good in calves if use antibiotics for long enough
Procaine penicillin, ampicillin and NSAIDs

63
Q

What is brachial plexus injury/paralysis

A

Calves- pulling too hard during dystocia

paralysis of the entire fore limb and unable to weight bear

64
Q

Radial paralysis

A

Recumbent animals- milk fever

Able to weight bear but is knuckled over

65
Q

Sciatic nerve paralysis

A

Both hind legs paralysed and face in a cranial direction

66
Q

Peroneal paralysis

A

Knuckling of fetlock and extension of hock

Secondary to milk fever

67
Q

Obturator paralysis

A

Difficult calving
Legs out to the side
Cant bring legs close to body
Guarded prognosis

68
Q

What are the four risk factor and control groups when discussing lameness

A

Cow comfort- impatient handling, slippery concrete and sharp turns
Nutrition- avoid abrupt changes
Cow factors- age, stage of lactation
Environment- wet and hot weather

Bovine Clinical Studies (2 decks)

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