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Bovine Clinical Studies > Bill- GIT > Flashcards

Bill- GIT Flashcards

1
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Displaced abomasum

A

Void left by involuting uterus not taken up by rumen
Omentum attached to abomasum is stretched > movement of abomasum
Decreased food intake > smaller rumen > abomasum moves

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2
Q

What is LDA?

A

Left displaced abomasum- abomasum becomes enlarged and gas and fluid filled

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3
Q

Where is the LDA displaced to?

A

Left side between rumen and left abdominal wall

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4
Q

When and why does LDA normally occur

A

One month after parturition

High grain and low fibre diets because of high VFAs

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5
Q

What is the presenting sign for LDA

A

Treated for other conditions but nothing has worked and disinterested in eating

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of LDA

A

Present but faint rumen sounds
Ping on left
Loss of weight and anorexia
Ketonuria

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7
Q

What cound be a differential diagnosis with the signs presented

A

Primary ketosis- occurs at same stage, ketonuria and off food, losing weight
RDA

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8
Q

What is the treatment for LDA

A

Rolling
Left paralumbar fossa omentopexy/abomasopexy
Inverted L block
Decompress abomasum with large bore needle
Tension on omentum
ID pylorus
Include greater omentum into ventral part of first suture layer
Close skin using staples

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9
Q

What are some options for supportive treatment for LDA

A

Treat ketosis with propylene glycol
Calcium to correct hypomotility
Electrolytes if dehydrated
NSAIDs and antibiotics maybe

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10
Q

Which is more common, LDA or RDA

A

LDA

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11
Q

What is RDA?

A

Right displaced abomasum
Atony of abo followed by accumulation of feed, fluid and gas
Displace dorsally on right side of abdomen

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12
Q

What is RDA and volvulus

A

RDA which may then rotate causing obstruction and nerve damage
Anticlockwise normally
More acute than RDA, abdo catastrophe

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13
Q

What are the presenting signs of RDA

A

Similar to LDA

Treated for other conditions but nothing has worked and disinterested in eating

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of RDA

A

Elevated HR, flank watching, ping on right side
Fluid splashing with ballotment
May have ketosis

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15
Q

What does the Clinical Pathology of RDA look like

A

Dehydration
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypochloraemia and hypokalaemia due to continual secretion into abo

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16
Q

What is AV

A

Abomasal volvulus
Follows RDA normally
May be palpated per rectum

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17
Q

How quickly should you treat AV

A

Animals die within 48-96hrs because of shock, toxaemia and dehydration

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18
Q

How do you treat RDA

A

Medical- spasmolytic drugs and Ca
Normally surgically
Right flank omentopexy or pyloropexy
Inverted L block
Displace gas before it can be corrected with large bore needle
Reposition abomasum and suture closed in 3 layers

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19
Q

What are the three layers that should be closed when fixing an RDA

A

1st muscle layer, perioneum and abomasum
2nd muscle layer
Skin- Ford interlocking

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20
Q

Post op care for a RDA

A

Oxytet for 5d
Propylene glycol orally BID for 3d
Oral fluids

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21
Q

Who is affected by abomasal ulceration

A

High producers with lots of silage or concentrate, feedlot cattle and calves going from milk to high fibrous diet

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22
Q

Clinical signs of abomasal ulceration

A

GI haemorrhage leading to anaemia and melena
Bruxism with low pressure applied low in abdomen
If perforation- peritonitis

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23
Q

How can you supportively treat an abomasal ulcer

A

IV fluids, oral kaolin or pectin
Some may need a blood transfusion
Most recover slowly

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24
Q

What causes and how can you treat dietary abomasal impaction

A

Fed large amounts of poor quality hay

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25
Q

What is the aetiology and pathogenesis of indigestion

A

Upset to rumen microflora
New feeds suddenly introduced to diet that causes upset in rumen microflora
Needs 1-2wks to adapt normally
Can also follow large amounts of antibiotic

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26
Q

Clinical signs of indigestion

A

Anorexia, no rumination

Enlarged and doughy rumen

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27
Q

Treatment of indigestion

A 
Spontaneous recovery
Good quality hay
Epsom salts (Mg  sulphate)
Gastric stimulant powder
Multivitamin B injections
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28
Q

Prevention of indigestion

A

Avoid abrupt changes in diet

Gradually increase new diet daily

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29
Q

What is bloat or rumen tympany

A

Excessive accumulation of gas in rumen

Failure to eructate results in severe distension in rumen

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30
Q

What are the two kinds of bloat

A

Primary or frothy bloat (pasture bloat)

Secondary or gaseous bloat (free gas)

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31
Q

Primary/pasture/frothy bloat involves what

A

Excessive gas production and raising rumen fluid viscosity
Small bubbles form and get trapped in a stable foam
Foam prevents eructation
Associated with lush green legumes

32
Q

Presenting signs of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat

A

Distension of left paralumbar fossa after feeding

Abdominal pain signs

33
Q

Clinical signs of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat

A

Rumen contractions increased at first then hypomotility
Panting and salivation
Vomiting frothy rumen contents

34
Q

Diagnosis of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat

A

Normally only one animal effected

Bloat line in oesophagus on PM

35
Q

Treatment of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat

A

Remove from pasture
Drench with antifoaming agent if not an emergency like paraffin or vegetable oil
If the cow is panting and wants to lie down you must do a stab incision
Antibiotics after

36
Q

What is the preferred anti-foaming agent

A

Alcohol ethoxylate based compound

37
Q

What is secondary or gaseous bloat

A

Free gas in dorsal sac of rumen
Chronic and recurrent
Normally secondary to some form of obstruction

38
Q

What do you expect to see when passing a gastric tube in primary and secondary bloat

A

Pass tube but no gas–> Primary bloat
Tube does not pass –> oesophageal obstruction
Tube passes easily and releases gas–> ruminal stasis, tetanus

39
Q

What is rumen acidosis and what are the two forms of it

A

Sudden unaccustomed ingestion of large amounts of carb-rich foods
(Per)acute rumen acidosis
Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA)

40
Q

What is the normal rumen pH

A

Above 5.9

41
Q 
What are some features of peracute rumen acidosis:
pH
Lactic acid
Protozoa
Bacteria
A

pH value below 5
Above 5mmol/L of lactic acid
Absence of protozoa in ruminal fluid
Strep bovis and Lactobacillus abundant

42
Q

What is peracute rumen acidosis

A

Rapid fermentation of readily available carbohydrates + inadequate saliva
Hypertonic rumen fluid that draws in fluid causing dehydration
Low pH causes stasis
Lactate absorbed into circulation causing metabolic acidosis

43
Q

What are some clinical signs and why do they develop

A

Metabolic acidosis- lactic acid in blood
Dehydration- hypertonic rumen fluid draws fluid from extracellular space
Liver abscess- rumenitis allows entry of F.necrophorum with embolic spread to liver
Laminitis- vasoconstriction of rumen fermentation products

44
Q

What are some non specific signs of peracute rumen acidosis

A

Decreased rumen motility
Fluid splashing on ballotment
Bruxism and ataxic

45
Q

How can you treat peracute rumen acidosis

A 
admin alkalinising agents such as MgO and Mg hydroxide with stomach tube
Good quality grass hay
Rumenotomy and lavage in severe cases
Procaine penicillin to kill bacteria into rumen
Vitamin B1
NSAIDs
Ca if hypocalcaemia
Rumen transfaunation
46
Q

What does SARA mean, when and how does it occur

pH

A

Sub acute rumen acidosis
Early lactation
Not enough fibre and too much VFAs
pH between 5-5.5

47
Q

What should be increase and what is the ratio of concentrate:forage that should be aimer for in SARA

A

Increase proprionate and butyrate

Aim for 60:40

48
Q

What are some herd signs of SARA

A

Diarrhoea with undigested food
Low milk fat %
Decreased cud chewing
Increased lameness

49
Q

Diagnosis of SARA

A

Rumenocentesis to assess ruminal fluid

50
Q

Prevention of SARA

A

Slowly introduce cows to carb-rich feed
Adequate fibre
Dietary additives if at risk of SARA- buffer, neutralising agents, antibiotics and rumen modifiers

51
Q

What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

Penetration of reticulum by sharp foreign body causing inflammation or perforation

52
Q

Clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis and if pericardium is involved

A

Reluctance to move, arch back and may grunt
Fever, rigid abdomen
If pericardium involved will be distension of jugular veins and ventral oedema

53
Q

Clinical pathology of traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

Elevated leukocytes

Increased plasma protein and fibrinogen levels

54
Q

How can you treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

Antibiotics for 5-7d

Ex lap with rumenotomy to remove FB

55
Q

What is vagus indigestion and how does it occur

A

Chronic condition with slow onset

Mechanical impairment of reticular motility

56
Q

What does vagus indigestion look like

A

Ten to four appearance or papple shaped abdomen

With a heap of non specific signs

57
Q

What are the classifications of vagus indigestion

A

Obstruction of oesophagus
Failure of omasal transport
Failure of abomasal outflow

58
Q

What is the management of vagus indigestion

A

Determine and treat underlying cause if possible
Relieve distension
Overall prognosis is poor

59
Q

What is spasmodic colic and

A

Hypermotility observed at milking time
Severe colic signs with spontaneous recovery
Need to differentiate from other GIT pain
Full clinical exam

60
Q

What are the clinical signs and how do you treat intussusception in cattle

A

Colic, early intense pain that settles
Enlarged right abdomen
Feel distended intestine on rectal
Treatment normally surgical

61
Q

Clinical signs and treatment of intestinal volvulus

A 
Twist of bowel, mainly in calves
Bilateral abdo distension
High temp and HR
Intestine felt on rectal
Normally dead before diagnosis
62
Q

What is the one thing that is pathoneumonic for a phytobezoar

A

Grey foul smelling faeces

63
Q

Caecal dilatation and volvulus aetiology and pathogenesis

A

Incompletely digested starches escape from fore stomachs and metabolised in the caecum
Accumulation of fluid and gas in caecum can lead to displacement and torsion

64
Q

Clinical signs of Caecal dilatation and volvulus

A

Right abdominal distension
Caudal ping
Normal rumen activity

65
Q

What are some clinical signs that can be associated with peritonitis

A

Toxaemia, pain, paralytic ileus, abdo distension

Fibrin deposition and adhesions- felt through rectal

66
Q

What kind of clinical signs do you expect to see with lesions in the oral cavity

A

Drooling, protrusion of tongue
Cant grab feed or chew
Swelling of cheeks and dropping cud

67
Q

What is the cause of lumpy jaw and what will you see

A

Actinomyces bovis- at time of tooth eruption
Any injury to mucosa allows entry of the normal mouth inhabitant
Swollen jaw

68
Q

How can you treat lumpy jaw

A

Sodium iodide IV
Procaine penicillin, oxytet, ceftiofur
Poor prognosis and best to cull

69
Q

What is the cause of woody tongue and what will you see

A

Actinobacillus lignieresi
Gain entry by injury to tongue
Swollen and hard tongue

70
Q

How can you treat woody tongue

A

Sodium iodide IV

Oxytet, trimethoprim-sulpha

71
Q

How do you recognise and what causes traumatic pharyngitis

A

Caused by drenching guns or FB

Swelling of throat, salivation and foul breath

72
Q

Oral necrobacillosis

A

Infection of abrasions in the mouth of calves

F. necrophorum

73
Q

What are the two entities recognised as part of oral necrobacillosis

A

Oral necrotic stomatitis form (oral cavity)

Laryngeal calf diphtheria form (pharynx and larynx)

74
Q

Oral necrobacillosis lesions and clinical signs

A

Larynx: cough, dyspnoea and fever
Mouth: foul breath, salivation

75
Q

How to treat Oral necrobacillosis

A

Long course of antibiotics

Anti-inflams

Bovine Clinical Studies (2 decks)

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