Bill- GIT Flashcards
What are some risk factors for developing Displaced abomasum
Void left by involuting uterus not taken up by rumen
Omentum attached to abomasum is stretched > movement of abomasum
Decreased food intake > smaller rumen > abomasum moves
What is LDA?
Left displaced abomasum- abomasum becomes enlarged and gas and fluid filled
Where is the LDA displaced to?
Left side between rumen and left abdominal wall
When and why does LDA normally occur
One month after parturition
High grain and low fibre diets because of high VFAs
What is the presenting sign for LDA
Treated for other conditions but nothing has worked and disinterested in eating
What are the clinical signs of LDA
Present but faint rumen sounds
Ping on left
Loss of weight and anorexia
Ketonuria
What cound be a differential diagnosis with the signs presented
Primary ketosis- occurs at same stage, ketonuria and off food, losing weight
RDA
What is the treatment for LDA
Rolling
Left paralumbar fossa omentopexy/abomasopexy
Inverted L block
Decompress abomasum with large bore needle
Tension on omentum
ID pylorus
Include greater omentum into ventral part of first suture layer
Close skin using staples
What are some options for supportive treatment for LDA
Treat ketosis with propylene glycol
Calcium to correct hypomotility
Electrolytes if dehydrated
NSAIDs and antibiotics maybe
Which is more common, LDA or RDA
LDA
What is RDA?
Right displaced abomasum
Atony of abo followed by accumulation of feed, fluid and gas
Displace dorsally on right side of abdomen
What is RDA and volvulus
RDA which may then rotate causing obstruction and nerve damage
Anticlockwise normally
More acute than RDA, abdo catastrophe
What are the presenting signs of RDA
Similar to LDA
Treated for other conditions but nothing has worked and disinterested in eating
What are the clinical signs of RDA
Elevated HR, flank watching, ping on right side
Fluid splashing with ballotment
May have ketosis
What does the Clinical Pathology of RDA look like
Dehydration
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypochloraemia and hypokalaemia due to continual secretion into abo
What is AV
Abomasal volvulus
Follows RDA normally
May be palpated per rectum
How quickly should you treat AV
Animals die within 48-96hrs because of shock, toxaemia and dehydration
How do you treat RDA
Medical- spasmolytic drugs and Ca
Normally surgically
Right flank omentopexy or pyloropexy
Inverted L block
Displace gas before it can be corrected with large bore needle
Reposition abomasum and suture closed in 3 layers
What are the three layers that should be closed when fixing an RDA
1st muscle layer, perioneum and abomasum
2nd muscle layer
Skin- Ford interlocking
Post op care for a RDA
Oxytet for 5d
Propylene glycol orally BID for 3d
Oral fluids
Who is affected by abomasal ulceration
High producers with lots of silage or concentrate, feedlot cattle and calves going from milk to high fibrous diet
Clinical signs of abomasal ulceration
GI haemorrhage leading to anaemia and melena
Bruxism with low pressure applied low in abdomen
If perforation- peritonitis
How can you supportively treat an abomasal ulcer
IV fluids, oral kaolin or pectin
Some may need a blood transfusion
Most recover slowly
What causes and how can you treat dietary abomasal impaction
Fed large amounts of poor quality hay
What is the aetiology and pathogenesis of indigestion
Upset to rumen microflora
New feeds suddenly introduced to diet that causes upset in rumen microflora
Needs 1-2wks to adapt normally
Can also follow large amounts of antibiotic
Clinical signs of indigestion
Anorexia, no rumination
Enlarged and doughy rumen
Treatment of indigestion
Spontaneous recovery Good quality hay Epsom salts (Mg sulphate) Gastric stimulant powder Multivitamin B injections
Prevention of indigestion
Avoid abrupt changes in diet
Gradually increase new diet daily
What is bloat or rumen tympany
Excessive accumulation of gas in rumen
Failure to eructate results in severe distension in rumen
What are the two kinds of bloat
Primary or frothy bloat (pasture bloat)
Secondary or gaseous bloat (free gas)
Primary/pasture/frothy bloat involves what
Excessive gas production and raising rumen fluid viscosity
Small bubbles form and get trapped in a stable foam
Foam prevents eructation
Associated with lush green legumes
Presenting signs of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat
Distension of left paralumbar fossa after feeding
Abdominal pain signs
Clinical signs of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat
Rumen contractions increased at first then hypomotility
Panting and salivation
Vomiting frothy rumen contents
Diagnosis of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat
Normally only one animal effected
Bloat line in oesophagus on PM
Treatment of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat
Remove from pasture
Drench with antifoaming agent if not an emergency like paraffin or vegetable oil
If the cow is panting and wants to lie down you must do a stab incision
Antibiotics after
What is the preferred anti-foaming agent
Alcohol ethoxylate based compound
What is secondary or gaseous bloat
Free gas in dorsal sac of rumen
Chronic and recurrent
Normally secondary to some form of obstruction
What do you expect to see when passing a gastric tube in primary and secondary bloat
Pass tube but no gas–> Primary bloat
Tube does not pass –> oesophageal obstruction
Tube passes easily and releases gas–> ruminal stasis, tetanus
What is rumen acidosis and what are the two forms of it
Sudden unaccustomed ingestion of large amounts of carb-rich foods
(Per)acute rumen acidosis
Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA)
What is the normal rumen pH
Above 5.9
What are some features of peracute rumen acidosis: pH Lactic acid Protozoa Bacteria
pH value below 5
Above 5mmol/L of lactic acid
Absence of protozoa in ruminal fluid
Strep bovis and Lactobacillus abundant
What is peracute rumen acidosis
Rapid fermentation of readily available carbohydrates + inadequate saliva
Hypertonic rumen fluid that draws in fluid causing dehydration
Low pH causes stasis
Lactate absorbed into circulation causing metabolic acidosis
What are some clinical signs and why do they develop
Metabolic acidosis- lactic acid in blood
Dehydration- hypertonic rumen fluid draws fluid from extracellular space
Liver abscess- rumenitis allows entry of F.necrophorum with embolic spread to liver
Laminitis- vasoconstriction of rumen fermentation products
What are some non specific signs of peracute rumen acidosis
Decreased rumen motility
Fluid splashing on ballotment
Bruxism and ataxic
How can you treat peracute rumen acidosis
admin alkalinising agents such as MgO and Mg hydroxide with stomach tube Good quality grass hay Rumenotomy and lavage in severe cases Procaine penicillin to kill bacteria into rumen Vitamin B1 NSAIDs Ca if hypocalcaemia Rumen transfaunation
What does SARA mean, when and how does it occur
pH
Sub acute rumen acidosis
Early lactation
Not enough fibre and too much VFAs
pH between 5-5.5
What should be increase and what is the ratio of concentrate:forage that should be aimer for in SARA
Increase proprionate and butyrate
Aim for 60:40
What are some herd signs of SARA
Diarrhoea with undigested food
Low milk fat %
Decreased cud chewing
Increased lameness
Diagnosis of SARA
Rumenocentesis to assess ruminal fluid
Prevention of SARA
Slowly introduce cows to carb-rich feed
Adequate fibre
Dietary additives if at risk of SARA- buffer, neutralising agents, antibiotics and rumen modifiers
What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Penetration of reticulum by sharp foreign body causing inflammation or perforation
Clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis and if pericardium is involved
Reluctance to move, arch back and may grunt
Fever, rigid abdomen
If pericardium involved will be distension of jugular veins and ventral oedema
Clinical pathology of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Elevated leukocytes
Increased plasma protein and fibrinogen levels
How can you treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Antibiotics for 5-7d
Ex lap with rumenotomy to remove FB
What is vagus indigestion and how does it occur
Chronic condition with slow onset
Mechanical impairment of reticular motility
What does vagus indigestion look like
Ten to four appearance or papple shaped abdomen
With a heap of non specific signs
What are the classifications of vagus indigestion
Obstruction of oesophagus
Failure of omasal transport
Failure of abomasal outflow
What is the management of vagus indigestion
Determine and treat underlying cause if possible
Relieve distension
Overall prognosis is poor
What is spasmodic colic and
Hypermotility observed at milking time
Severe colic signs with spontaneous recovery
Need to differentiate from other GIT pain
Full clinical exam
What are the clinical signs and how do you treat intussusception in cattle
Colic, early intense pain that settles
Enlarged right abdomen
Feel distended intestine on rectal
Treatment normally surgical
Clinical signs and treatment of intestinal volvulus
Twist of bowel, mainly in calves Bilateral abdo distension High temp and HR Intestine felt on rectal Normally dead before diagnosis
What is the one thing that is pathoneumonic for a phytobezoar
Grey foul smelling faeces
Caecal dilatation and volvulus aetiology and pathogenesis
Incompletely digested starches escape from fore stomachs and metabolised in the caecum
Accumulation of fluid and gas in caecum can lead to displacement and torsion
Clinical signs of Caecal dilatation and volvulus
Right abdominal distension
Caudal ping
Normal rumen activity
What are some clinical signs that can be associated with peritonitis
Toxaemia, pain, paralytic ileus, abdo distension
Fibrin deposition and adhesions- felt through rectal
What kind of clinical signs do you expect to see with lesions in the oral cavity
Drooling, protrusion of tongue
Cant grab feed or chew
Swelling of cheeks and dropping cud
What is the cause of lumpy jaw and what will you see
Actinomyces bovis- at time of tooth eruption
Any injury to mucosa allows entry of the normal mouth inhabitant
Swollen jaw
How can you treat lumpy jaw
Sodium iodide IV
Procaine penicillin, oxytet, ceftiofur
Poor prognosis and best to cull
What is the cause of woody tongue and what will you see
Actinobacillus lignieresi
Gain entry by injury to tongue
Swollen and hard tongue
How can you treat woody tongue
Sodium iodide IV
Oxytet, trimethoprim-sulpha
How do you recognise and what causes traumatic pharyngitis
Caused by drenching guns or FB
Swelling of throat, salivation and foul breath
Oral necrobacillosis
Infection of abrasions in the mouth of calves
F. necrophorum
What are the two entities recognised as part of oral necrobacillosis
Oral necrotic stomatitis form (oral cavity)
Laryngeal calf diphtheria form (pharynx and larynx)
Oral necrobacillosis lesions and clinical signs
Larynx: cough, dyspnoea and fever
Mouth: foul breath, salivation
How to treat Oral necrobacillosis
Long course of antibiotics
Anti-inflams
