bile and biliary Flashcards

1
Q

what conditions are needed for max bile production?

A

low blood flow to liver for high pO2 conditions

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2
Q

what does raising ambient partial pressure of O2 in perfusate/blood from 700 to 3000 mmHg do to bile flow?

A

plateau

bile flow is independent of liver blood flow.

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3
Q

explain the relationship between bile pressure and blood pressure

A

bile and blood flow are linearly related

increase in BP causes incerase in liver sinusoid pressure

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4
Q

explain whether bile secretion is with or against a pressure gradient

A

Bile secretion can occur against a pressure gradient, so it is an active process and not due to hydrostatic forces from the blood

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5
Q

whats the significance of the location of the ampulla of vater

A

-halfway along 2nd part of duodenum
-marks the transition of foregut to midgut
(coeliac –> sup mesentetric)

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6
Q

what’s the composition of bile

A
Na, K, Ca, Cl, HCO3, P
bile acids/salts
fatty acids
bilirubin
phospholipids
cholesterol 
proteins
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7
Q

how is bile made more concentrated

A

take out H2O of gall bladder
Na, Cl and H2O leave
H. and HCO3 enter the lumen of the gall bladder

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8
Q

what transporters/membrane proteins are in the gall bladder epithelium to make biles more concentrated

A

lumen surface: Na:H exchanger, HCO3:Cl exchanger, aquaporin

basolateral surface: K channel, 2K:3Na excnhger, Cl ion channel

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9
Q

what is bilirubin

A

breakdown of Hb, excreted in bile

  • fat soluble and toxic
  • travels in blood bound to albummin
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10
Q

normal and jaundice plasma bilirubin conc

A

3-10 mg/ml

> 18mg/ml

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11
Q

how is bilirubin formed

A

cholesterol (insoluble inwater) comes into solution by forming vesicles with phospholipids (lecithin)
or mixed micelles with bile salts and phospholipids

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12
Q

what does jaundince without abdominal pain suggest

A

obstruction of the bile duct

  • jaundice associated with anorexia, soft stools
  • non-biliary causes: inc bilirubin production, decreased clearance
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13
Q

what junctions are between gall bladder epithelial cells

A

tight junctions

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14
Q

what are mixed micelles made from

A

free fatty acids, monoglycerides, lysophospholipids, cholesterol
- made after fat is emulsified

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15
Q

what substances can diffuse passively through the intestinal cell

A

glycerol

short/medium chain FA

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16
Q

what is an entrocyte

A

intestinal lining cell

17
Q

what are long-chain FAs, and everything in the micelle re-esterified to after absorption into the enterocyte

A

re-esterified and reassembled n the SER and Golgi with apoproteins to chylomicrons

18
Q

what happens to chylomicrons after they’ve been produced

A

exocytosed (fuse w basolateral surface) and exported to the lymph (lacteals) which take it to the thoracic duct via left subclavian

19
Q

what do canaliculi drain into

A

peritubular bile duct–> interlobular bile duct