BIIC Immunology Lecture 10_Secondary Immunodeficiencies Flashcards
What is secondary immunodeficiency?
It is a non genetic, enviornmentaly aquired immunodeficiency.
What are the 7 most common causes of secondary immunodeficiency ( NOTE: the top 4 are most improtant
¡ Infection ¡ Nutrition ¡ Stress ¡ Sleep ¡ Drugs ¡ Asplenia ¡ Aging
How does the metabolic profile change during an infection?
The bodies resting metabolic rate increases. This increases the need for all nutriants but particularly protien. This is because protein synthesis goes up with the production of acute phase proteins, complement, cytokines, and antibodies.
How does obesity effect the immune system? Why?
Obesity can down regulate the immune system and led to an increased incident rate of infections. This is because obesity leads to chronic inflamation. (inflamitory cytokines are released by adiposites)
Why does moderate caloric restriction lead to improved immunity?
It is likely a result of decreasing the availability of iron for microbes. Also, it is associated with increased T cell function
What are the 4 ways that mild infections turn mild malnutrition into sever malnutrition?
§ Diminished appetite § Reduced nutrient absorption § Increased nutrient losses § Alterations in metabolic rate
what are the 4 roles of glutamine in the immune response?
Supplies 35% of energy to immune cells, transformes imature b cells into plasma cells, enhances phagocytic ability & killing capacity of macrophages, and regulates T cell proliferation
Glutamine is conditionally essential in which three states of illness or injury
BMT, trauma, preemies
How does a low state of Iron effect the Immune system? What about High state?
▪ Decreased ability of PMNs to kill bacteria/fungi ▪ Decreased lymphocyte response to antigen/mitogen ▪ Impairs NK cell activity High state feeds infections by providing more avaiable iron to the pathogen. During an infection is NOT the time to correct a deficiency. (like with malaria)
What does zinc deficiency impair?
§ Clonal expansion of T and B cells § NK cell cytotoxicity § Phagocytosis § Complement activity § Wound healing
What is seleniums impact on the immune system?
Selenium is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase which helps remove hydrogen peroxide (to high of ROS levels can damage host macrophages
What is Vitamin A’s role in the immune system?
Vitamin A is essential for maintaining epidermal and mucosal integrity, preventing invasive disease from normal flora. It can enhance recovery but it does not prevent infection.
What are the deficiency side affects specific to Vitamin A?
Loss of cillia, microvilli, and reduced homing to the gut of other immune cells
How does Vitamin D impact the immune system?
it up regulates some asspects of it and down regulates others. It is unknown if it has an over all positive or negative effect.
What is the role of Vitamin E in the immune system?
It increases IL-2 (which stimulates t cell proliferation) it may also reverse some immunosenecience. NOTE: Vitamin E may increase the risk of prostate cancer in men..
How does stress effect the immune system?
